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Published Online: 1 July 2013

Psychiatric Disturbance and Mild Intellectual Disability in the Context of a Vascular Malformation (Capillary Telangiectasia) of the Posterior Hippocampus and Subiculum

Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
To the Editor: We report a case of a vascular malformation involving the right posterior subiculum and contiguous hippocampus, which was discovered incidentally at autopsy in a 52-year-old woman with lifelong history of mental illness and mild intellectual disability who died as a result of cardiorespiratory arrest and acute global anoxic/ischemic encephalopathy. As per family, patient was born by forceps delivery, and her cognitive deficit was attributed to an intrapartum brain injury. Psychiatric disturbances included dependent personality disorder, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Before her death, the patient was on valproic acid/divalproex 250 mg bid, quetiapine 200 mg–300 mg once daily, and fluoxetine 20 mg. Her medical history was also significant for colitis (not further defined), hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. There was no history of seizures, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, or Prader-Willi syndrome.
Neuropathological evaluation at autopsy revealed an unsuspected vascular malformation involving the right posterior subiculum and adjoining portion of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus (Figure 1 and Figure 2 [A−D]), consistent with a capillary telangiectasia (Figure 2 [A−D]), as opposed to a cavernous malformation, a developmental venous anomaly, or an arteriovenous malformation. There was absence of old peri-lesional hemorrhage, calcifications, or “steal effect.” Aside from extensive acute global anoxic/ischemic changes, mild subpial cortical gliosis, and mild cerebrovascular arteriosclerosis, the rest of the brain showed no malformation(s), neuronal migration disorder, destructive, demyelinating, or metabolic lesions. Importantly, there was no evidence of perinatal/intrapartum asphyxial brain damage, in the form of mesiotemporal/hippocampal sclerosis, ulegyria/cortical scarring, multicystic encephalopathy, or thalamic necrosis. Neurodegenerative changes were absent, and immunostains for hyperphosphorylated tau protein, β-amyloid peptide, and α-synuclein were negative.
FIGURE 1. Coronal Section at the Level of the Pulvinar Thalamus
Figure shows a discrete and well-circumscribed vascular lesion (arrow) involving the right posterior subiculum and adjoining portion of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus.
FIGURE 2. Sharply Delimited Vascular Malformation (arrows)
Vascular malformation involves the subiculum (sub) and a contiguous segment of the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, characterized by variously dilated (ectatic) terminal vascular channels, with normal brain tissue in the intervening parenchyma, compatible with a capillary telangiectasia. Histological sections are stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Panels A and C) and Masson trichrome (panels B and D).
Several decades ago, Malamud drew attention to psychiatric disorders associated with focal lesions of the limbic system in a series of 18 autopsied cases of tumors and history of seizures,1 of which 9 focal lesions were in the temporal lobe (one vascular malformation). Since then, the association between medial temporal lobe and psychosis has been reported, mainly in the context of epilepsy,2 schizophrenia,3 and refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder.4 The ventral subiculum has circuit connections with limbic areas involved in stress, affect, and reward.5
Capillary telangiectasias are rarely associated with neurological symptoms and, to our knowledge, this is the first such case reported in the subicular region of a patient with cognitive deficit and mental illness without history of seizure disorder. The present lesion is clinically, anatomically, and histopathologically distinct from the famous case of “Dr. Z,” originally described by Hughlings Jackson in the context of psychomotor epilepsy–also subsequently reported in a similar case—as these were instances of cavernous malformation confined to the lateral aspect of the entorhinal cortex, sparing the subiculum and hippocampus.6
Although the association of this unusual vascular malformation with the decedent’s lifelong intellectual disability and psychiatric manifestations remains speculative, it is nonetheless plausible, given the critical role of the posterior hippocampus and subiculum in cognitive and affective dysfunction. The case raises important questions about the role of these structures in intellectual disability, anxiety, and mood disorders.

References

1.
Malamud N: Psychiatric disorder with intracranial tumors of limbic system. Arch Neurol 1967; 17:113–123
2.
Sachdev P: Schizophrenia-like psychosis and epilepsy: the status of the association. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:325–336
3.
Knable MB, Barci BM, Webster MJ, Stanley Neuropathology Consortium, et al: Molecular abnormalities of the hippocampus in severe psychiatric illness: postmortem findings from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:609–620, 544
4.
Atmaca M: Review of structural neuroimaging in patients with refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosci Bull 2011; 27:215–220
5.
Deadwyler SA, Hampson RE: Differential but complementary mnemonic functions of the hippocampus and subiculum. Neuron 2004; 42:465–476
6.
Khalsa SS, Moore SA, Van Hoesen GW: Hughlings Jackson and the role of the entorhinal cortex in temporal lobe epilepsy: from Patient A to Doctor Z. Epilepsy Behav 2006; 9:524–531

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Pages: E23 - E24
PubMed: 24026731

History

Published online: 1 July 2013
Published in print: Summer 2013

Authors

Details

Alexandra Economou, Ph.D.
Dept. of Psychology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
Gloria X. Zhang, M.D., M.S.
Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia, PA
Christos D. Katsetos, M.D., Ph.D., F.R.C.Path.
Depts. of Pediatrics, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Neurology Drexel University College of Medicine St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children Philadelphia, PA

Notes

Correspondence: Alexandra Economou, Ph.D.; e-mail: [email protected]

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