Training to Enhance Partnerships Between Mental Health Professionals and Family Caregivers: A Comparative Study

The project was initiated in 1993 by the Schizophrenia Fellowship of Victoria, a family caregiver organization that collaborated with a family services provider and a large public psychiatric service. The public psychiatric service agreed to implement the training in 1994.

Our strategy emphasized participation of family caregivers and used organizational change principles to address impediments to dissemination of training (8) and maximize lasting impact (9,,10). These principles included working with an area mental health system rather than with single agencies, participation of senior management, consultation with potential participants during development of the training, and design of a training schedule to enable all staff to participate in key workshops. Late in the planning process, the training was opened to family caregivers who were trained support workers and, like the professionals, had a responsibility to assist families.

Twelve weekly three-hour sessions were conducted, with two levels of participation. An extended training group comprising six family caregivers and 23 multidisciplinary staff from an acute ward, two community mental health centers (CMHCs), a mobile treatment team, a crisis team, and a disability support service enrolled for all sessions. Two of the original 29 members of the extended training group were unable to complete the course.

All area staff were encouraged to attend the first and final sessions, and they formed the comparison group of participants in brief training. Of 99 staff members who were eligible to participate in the brief training, 81 (82 percent) attended at least one session.

A family advocacy educator and a mental health professional acted jointly as facilitators for the sessions. Presenters included caregivers and professionals. A systemic understanding of staff-family-patient relationships was encouraged, and topics included understanding blame, practical family engagement, and challenges faced by both families and staff, such as loss of hope. Facilitated discussions highlighted beliefs and attitudes. In "practice research" activities, participants planned actions to try with families or to propose to their agency between training sessions. The facilitators promoted an expectation of mutual discovery, and nonblaming friendly relationships between staff and the family members attending the groups became evident.

The training was evaluated through a pretest-posttest-follow-up design augmented with qualitative feedback. Using pretraining and posttraining questionnaires, staff rated their own skills, knowledge, and experience in working with families. The rating scale for items ranged from 1 to 4, with higher ratings indicating greater skills, knowledge, and experience. An attitude scale with 30 items, the Opinions About Family Work Scale, was devised, using statements by Bernheim and Switalski (4). The rating scale for each item ranged from 1 to 5, with higher mean ratings indicating more positive attitudes to family caregivers. The scale was administered pre- and posttraining to all participants. Data about number of contacts with family and clients were collected from staff before training, after training, and at six-month follow-up.

The extended training course was rated positively by 21 of 25 respondents, with four giving a neutral rating. Paired t tests showed that participants' ratings of their skill, knowledge, and experience with families were significantly higher after training. For skill, the pretraining rating was 2.38±.62, compared with 2.88± .62 after training (t=3.16, df=15, p= .006). For knowledge, the pretraining rating was 2.38±.50, compared with 2.94±.57 after training (t=4.39, df= 15, p=.001). For experience, the pre- and posttraining ratings were 2.38± .50 and 2.88±.62 (t=3.87, df=15, p= .002). The self-ratings of staff members who participated in the brief training showed no significant changes.

Before training, the mean scores of professionals on pro-family attitudes as measured by the Opinions About Family Work Scale did not differ between the brief and extended training groups. However, family members in extended training had a significantly higher mean score than the mean for professionals (4.06±.22 versus 3.34± .37; t=5.05, df=66, p<.001). After training, the mean score on pro-family attitudes for the professionals in brief training did not change. However, the mean score for professionals in extended training increased significantly after training, from 3.43±.48 to 3.70±.49 (paired t=3.33, df=16, p= .004). The posttraining mean score of professionals was not significantly different from the posttraining mean score of family members (3.95±.45).

The impact of the project on family contacts by the CMHC workers, mobile team, and crisis team was investigated by examining pooled data for all staff. (The other facilities participating in the project did not document comparable data on contacts in their recording systems.) Compliance with recording of contacts was 71 percent before training, 71 percent after training, and 55 percent at six-month follow-up.

From patient and family contact records, the percentage of total contacts of staff members with family caregivers was calculated. This approach controlled for differences in the total volume of work between the three recording periods. As shown in Table 1, for workers at both the Whittlesea and the Ernest Jones CMHCs, the percentage of family contacts increased from pre- to posttraining; the percentage decreased at follow-up, although not to pretraining levels. The mobile team had little change in the percentage of family contacts.

The percentage of family contacts by the crisis team fell after training from a very high pretraining level; the percentage increased to a relatively high level at follow-up. Crisis staff stated that they experience wide variations in the proportion of clients in contact with families, and that the posttraining recording period was particularly busy. (Our data show that for the crisis team, total contacts per staff member with both families and clients increased by 23 percent from pre- to posttraining. For this reason, data for the crisis team were not analyzed further.)

One-way analyses of variance were performed on the percentage of family contacts across the pretraining, posttraining, and follow-up recording periods. A significant change was noted in the percentage of family contacts for CMHC participants in the extended training (F=4.14, df=2,17, p=.034). A post hoc Newman-Keuls test identified a significant increase from pretraining to posttraining (8 percent to 27 percent). The increase in the percentage of family contacts for the CMHC participants in brief training from pretraining to posttraining to follow-up was not significant (11 percent, 15 percent, and 13 percent, respectively.) The change in the percentage of family contacts for the mobile team staff as a whole was not significant.

Qualitative evaluation via written and videotaped feedback from training participants revealed enthusiastic optimism for collaborative work. Some services reported improvements in service provision; for example, a family visitors room was established in the inpatient ward, and another service reported increased referrals to family support services. Other reports suggested a change in perspective; for example, one participant described "seeing our clients as part of a family unit." Changes in family responses included gifts of "flowers and chocolates" to staff.

This study was limited by the small size of some teams and changes in personnel over time, with lower compliance in recording contact data during the follow-up period. However, the results suggest the extent of involvement in training that may be required for significant change. Attitude change was evident only with extended training. Significant increases in the percentage of family contacts were found among the CMHC workers who participated in extended training, while only trends of increased family contacts were noted among staff who received the brief training. Brief training involving one or two workshops may be insufficient to achieve measurable behavioral and attitude change.

Contact data suggest that the training may have been most relevant to CMHC workers, although the qualitative data highlighted changes on the inpatient ward. The more specialized work of the crisis and mobile services and their higher percentage of family contacts before training may mean that training that targets family issues for workers in these services is required. The posttraining drop in family contacts for the crisis team was in a period of greater workload, suggesting that work with families suffers when staff members are busier.

We partly attribute the positive outcomes of this project to collaboration between caregivers and professionals at all levels in the areas of planning, training, and group facilitation. Whether the dual role of our family caregiver participants as support workers for families as well as caregivers themselves was an important factor is not clear. Staff are not necessarily accepting of trainers who are family caregivers (7). In our project, inclusion of family caregivers as participants as well as trainers may have usefully changed the relationship dynamics. The shared role of working with families certainly helped staff and family caregiver participants learn together. We suggest that our attention to process issues and emphasis on shared learning led to respect and partnership.

Training to help mental health professionals work more collaboratively with family caregivers can be successfully implemented through genuine partnerships between family members and professionals in the areas of planning, teaching, and participation. However, attitude changes and improvements in level of service may require more than brief training.

Both the training program and the evaluation were supported by grants to the Schizophrenia Fellowship of Victoria from the mental health branch of the Department of Human Services, Victoria, Australia.

Mr. Farhall is consultant clinical psychologist with the North Western Health Care Network in Melbourne, Australia, and senior lecturer in the School of Psychological Science at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia 3083 (e-mail, [email protected]). Ms. Webster is a research associate in the School of Psychological Science. Ms. Hocking is executive director of SANE Australia in Melbourne. Dr. Leggatt is senior research fellow at Deakin University in Melbourne and president of the World Schizophrenia Fellowship in Toronto. Dr. Riess is director and Mr. Young is a clinical psychologist at Bouverie Centre at La Trobe University. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual Mental Health Services Conference of Australia and New Zealand, held September 5-7, 1995, in Auckland, New Zealand.