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Abstract

Objective:

The authors tested for genetic linkage of DSM-IV-diagnosed major depressive disorder in families that were ascertained for cigarette smoking.

Method:

Within a study that targeted families characterized by a history of smoking, analyses derived a subset of 91 Australian families with two or more offspring with a history of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (affected sibling pairs, N=187) and 25 Finnish families (affected sibling pairs, N=33). Within this affected sibling pairs design, the authors conducted nonparametric linkage analysis.

Results:

In the Australian heavy smoking families, the authors found a genome-wide significant multipoint LOD score of 4.14 for major depressive disorder on chromosome 3 at 24.9 cM (3p26-3p25).

Conclusions:

Genome-wide significant linkage was detected for major depressive disorder on chromosome 3p in a sample ascertained for smoking. A linkage peak at this location was also observed in an independent study of major depressive disorder.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Pages: 848 - 852
PubMed: 21572167

History

Received: 17 September 2010
Revision received: 21 December 2010
Revision received: 22 February 2011
Accepted: 28 February 2011
Published online: 1 August 2011
Published in print: August 2011

Authors

Details

Michele L. Pergadia, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Anne L. Glowinski, M.D., M.P.E.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Naomi R. Wray, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Arpana Agrawal, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Scott F. Saccone, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Anu Loukola, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Ulla Broms, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Tellervo Korhonen, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Brenda W.J.H. Penninx, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Julia D. Grant, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Elliot C. Nelson, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Anjali K. Henders, B.Sc. (Hons.)
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Andrew J. Schrage, M.S.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Yi-Ling Chou, M.S.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Kaisu Keskitalo-Vuokko, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Qin Zhu, M.S.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Scott D. Gordon, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Jacqueline M. Vink, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Eco J.C. de Geus, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Stuart MacGregor, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Jimmy Z. Liu, B.Sc. (Hons.)
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Gonneke Willemsen, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Sarah E. Medland, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Dorret I. Boomsma, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Grant W. Montgomery, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
John P. Rice, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Alison M. Goate, D.Phil.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Andrew C. Heath, D.Phil.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Jaakko Kaprio, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Nicholas G. Martin, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
Pamela A.F. Madden, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis; the Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Public Health Genomics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki; the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia; the Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki; the Department of Psychiatry and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Vrije Universiteit University Medical Center, Amsterdam; and the Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam.

Notes

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Pergadia, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, CB 8134 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110; [email protected] (e-mail).

Funding Information

Dr. Pergadia receives funding from a K08 award (grant DA019951) from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Dr. Glowinski is the principal investigator for the National Institutes of Health grant MH-073151 and a co-investigator of grants AA015210 and R49CE001510; she also serves on the advisory board for the Klingenstein Third Generation Foundation. Dr. Wray has received speaker's honorarium from Eli Lilly; she also receives funding from an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship. Dr. Agrawal receives funding from the National Institutes of Health and has served as a principal investigator for the Alcoholic Beverage Medical Research Foundation/The Foundation for Alcohol Research. Dr. Saccone receives funding from the National Institutes of Health (grant DA024722). Dr. Loukola receives funding from an Academy of Finland postdoctoral fellowship. Dr. Broms has received funding from the Doctoral Programs of Public Health, University of Helsinki; and she has received a consultation fee from Pfizer (for nicotine dependence measurements). Dr. Grant receives funding from the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Nelson has received research support from the National Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Defense. Ms. Chou receives salary funding through a National Institutes of Health grant. Dr. Vink receives funding from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (VENI grant 451–06-004). Dr. MacGregor receives funding from an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council fellowship. Mr. Liu receives funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (project grant 496675). Dr. Medland receives funding from a National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) Sidney Sax Fellowship. Dr. Montgomery receives funding from an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council fellowship. Dr. Goate has received research funding and speaker's honoraria from AstraZeneca, Genentech, and Pfizer; she has also received advisory panel payment from AstraZeneca. Dr. Heath has received funding from the National Institutes of Health (grants AA07728, AA07580, AA11998, AA13320, AA13321, and AA017688). Dr. Kaprio has received a consultation fee from Pfizer (for pharmacogenetics for smoking cessation) as well as an unrestricted grant from Pfizer for the Global Research Awards for Nicotine Dependence; he has also received funding from the Academy of Finland Center of Excellence for Complex Disease Genetics. Dr. Madden is principal investigator for the National Institutes of Health grants DA12854 and DA027995; she is also coinvestigator for grants AA011998, AA017915, DA018267, and DA23668. All other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.Supported by a Center for Inherited Disease Research grant to fund genome-wide association studies (to the late Dr. Richard Todd, former principal investigator of grant AA13320) and the European Union (contract number QLG2-CT-2002-01254 [Dr. Kaprio]).Funding for the Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) major depressive disorder study (parent studies were the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety and the Netherlands Twin Register) was provided by the Netherlands Scientific Organization (grants 904–61-090, 904–61-193, 480–04-004, 400–05-717, and 911–09-032); the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research Genomics program (grant SPI-56–464-14192); the Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research; the Genetics of Mental Illness (grant ERC-230374); the European Union (grant EU/WLRT-2001–01254); ZonMW (geestkracht program grant 10–000-1002); the National Institute of Mental Health (grant RO1 MH-059160); and matching funds from participating institutes of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety and the Netherlands Twin Register. The genotyping of GAIN samples was provided through grant MH-081802. The data set can be found online at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap through dbGaP accession number phs000020.v2.p1.

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