Neuropsychological Impairments in Schizophrenia and Psychotic Bipolar Disorder: Findings from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) Study
Abstract
Objective
Method
Results
Conclusions
Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Familial Patterns of Cognitive Deficits Across Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Method
Participants
Probands.
Family members.
Healthy comparison subjects.
Variablea | Schizophrenia Group (N=293) | Schizoaffective Depressed Group (N=55) | Schizoaffective Manic Group (N=110) | Psychotic Bipolar Group (N=227) | Healthy Comparison Group (N=295) | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age (years) | 35.87 | 12.84 | 38.22 | 11.93 | 35.76 | 11.72 | 36.19 | 12.79 | 37.64 | 12.63 | n.s. |
Education (years)b | 12.74 | 2.25 | 12.63 | 2.17 | 13.28 | 2.22 | 14.18 | 2.37 | 15.10 | 2.57 | ≤0.001 |
WRAT-4, reading test, standard scorec | 93.96 | 15.52 | 93.49 | 15.29 | 98.28 | 14.29 | 101.35 | 13.76 | 103.09 | 13.80 | ≤0.001 |
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Maled | 198 | 67.6 | 29 | 52.7 | 38 | 34.5 | 85 | 37.4 | 123 | 41.7 | ≤0.001 |
Racee | ≤0.001 | ||||||||||
Caucasian | 136 | 46.4 | 29 | 52.7 | 60 | 54.5 | 169 | 74.4 | 186 | 63.3 | |
African American | 139 | 47.4 | 22 | 40.0 | 44 | 40.0 | 47 | 20.7 | 80 | 27.2 | |
Other | 18 | 6.1 | 4 | 7.3 | 6 | 5.5 | 11 | 4.8 | 28 | 9.5 | |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||||
PANSSf | |||||||||||
Total score | 65.2 | 16.9 | 66.2 | 17.0 | 68.5 | 14.4 | 53.4 | 14.1 | ≤0.001 | ||
Positive score | 16.6 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 5.2 | 18.2 | 4.6 | 12.8 | 4.5 | ≤0.001 | ||
Negative score | 16.7 | 5.9 | 16.4 | 5.3 | 15.4 | 4.7 | 12.1 | 4.0 | ≤0.001 | ||
YMRSg | 5.3 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 5.9 | 6.6 | ≤0.01 | ||
MADRSh | 8.6 | 7.8 | 15.4 | 9.5 | 14.7 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 9.2 | ≤0.001 | ||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
Medications | |||||||||||
Antipsychotic | 264 | 90.1 | 51 | 92.7 | 92 | 83.6 | 164 | 72.2 | n.s. | ||
Mood stabilizer | 44 | 15.0 | 20 | 36.4 | 57 | 51.8 | 119 | 52.4 | ≤0.001 | ||
Lithium | 16 | 5.5 | 6 | 10.9 | 13 | 11.8 | 64 | 28.2 | ≤0.001 | ||
Antidepressant | 115 | 39.2 | 34 | 61.8 | 61 | 55.5 | 102 | 44.9 | n.s. | ||
Sedative/anxiolytic | 56 | 19.1 | 12 | 21.8 | 35 | 31.8 | 66 | 29.1 | n.s. | ||
Stimulant | 10 | 3.4 | 1 | 1.8 | 6 | 5.5 | 23 | 10.1 | n.s. | ||
Anticholinergic | 52 | 17.7 | 10 | 18.2 | 15 | 13.6 | 20 | 8.8 | n.s. |
Variable | Relatives of Schizophrenia Probands (N=316) | Relatives of Schizoaffective Depressed Probands (N=64) | Relatives of Schizoaffective Manic Probands (N=133) | Relatives of Psychotic Bipolar Probands (N=259) | Healthy Comparison Subjects (N=295) | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Age (years)a | 43.20 | 14.97 | 41.72 | 15.93 | 40.10 | 16.61 | 40.49 | 15.94 | 37.64 | 12.63 | ≤0.001 |
Education (years)b | 13.99 | 2.41 | 14.41 | 2.82 | 13.77 | 2.93 | 14.61 | 2.73 | 15.10 | 2.57 | ≤0.001 |
WRAT-4, reading test, standard scorec | 97.40 | 15.06 | 97.49 | 16.48 | 101.27 | 15.17 | 103.21 | 13.93 | 103.09 | 13.80 | ≤0.001 |
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Maled | 95 | 30.1 | 19 | 29.7 | 42 | 31.6 | 85 | 32.8 | 123 | 41.7 | <0.05 |
Racee | ≤0.001 | ||||||||||
Caucasian | 170 | 53.8 | 40 | 62.5 | 83 | 62.4 | 208 | 80.3 | 186 | 63.3 | |
African American | 128 | 40.5 | 23 | 35.9 | 40 | 30.1 | 43 | 16.6 | 80 | 27.2 | |
Other | 18 | 5.7 | 1 | 1.6 | 10 | 7.5 | 8 | 3.1 | 28 | 9.5 | |
History of psychosis | 39 | 12.3 | 12 | 18.8 | 15 | 11.3 | 23 | 8.9 | |||
Relatives with no history of psychosis | |||||||||||
Elevated cluster A traits | 44 | 13.9 | 10 | 15.6 | 21 | 15.8 | 31 | 12.0 | |||
Elevated cluster B traits | 18 | 5.7 | 1 | 1.6 | 10 | 7.5 | 18 | 6.9 | |||
Not elevated | 215 | 68.0 | 41 | 64.1 | 85 | 63.9 | 184 | 71.0 |
Procedures
Probands
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Schizoaffective disorder.
First-Degree Relatives
Familiality.
Relatives of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder probands.
Personality traits.
Results
Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Proband Comparisons
Profile comparisons.
Schizoaffective disorder.
Bipolar-schizophrenia dimension.
Familiality
Schizophrenia Pedigrees | Bipolar Pedigrees | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Instrument | h2 | 90% CI | h2 | 90% CI |
WRAT-4, reading test | 0.75 | 0.60–0.90 | 0.70 | 0.54–0.86 |
BACS composite | 0.50 | 0.37–0.63 | 0.61 | 0.42–0.79 |
BACS subtests | ||||
Verbal memory | 0.51 | 0.35–0.67 | 0.42 | 0.26–0.58 |
Digit sequencing | 0.49 | 0.34–0.64 | 0.51 | 0.35–0.67 |
Token motor | 0.32 | 0.16–0.48 | 0.39 | 0.21–0.57 |
Verbal fluency | 0.33 | 0.17–0.49 | 0.52 | 0.34–0.70 |
Symbol coding | 0.40 | 0.22–0.58 | 0.47 | 0.29–0.65 |
Tower | 0.29 | 0.16–0.42 | 0.45 | 0.27–0.63 |
Relatives of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder probands.
Personality traits in relatives.
Discussion
Familiality
Personality features.
General and specific measures.
Limitations
Acknowledgments
Footnote
Supplementary Material
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