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Published Online: 31 October 2014

Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Electroconvulsive Therapy Versus Algorithm-Based Pharmacological Treatment

Abstract

Objective:

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regarded by many clinicians as the most effective treatment for treatment-resistant bipolar depression, but no randomized controlled trials have been conducted, to the authors’ knowledge. They compared efficacy measures of ECT and algorithm-based pharmacological treatment in treatment-resistant bipolar depression.

Method:

This multicenter, randomized controlled trial was carried out at seven acute-care psychiatric inpatient clinics throughout Norway and included 73 bipolar disorder patients with treatment-resistant depression. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either ECT or algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. ECT included three sessions per week for up to 6 weeks, right unilateral placement of stimulus electrodes, and brief pulse stimulation.

Results:

Linear mixed-effects modeling analysis revealed that ECT was significantly more effective than algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. The mean scores at the end of the 6-week treatment period were lower for the ECT group than for the pharmacological treatment group: by 6.6 points on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (SE=2.05, 95% CI=2.5–10.6), by 9.4 points on the 30-item version of the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Clinician-Rated (SE=2.49, 95% CI=4.6–14.3), and by 0.7 points on the Clinical Global Impression for Bipolar Disorder (SE=0.31, 95% CI=0.13–1.36). The response rate was significantly higher in the ECT group than in the group that received algorithm-based pharmacological treatment (73.9% versus 35.0%), but the remission rate did not differ between the groups (34.8% versus 30.0%).

Conclusion:

Remission rates remained modest regardless of treatment choice for this challenging clinical condition.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Pages: 41 - 51
PubMed: 25219389

History

Received: 19 November 2013
Revision received: 23 March 2014
Revision received: 31 May 2014
Accepted: 26 June 2014
Published ahead of print: 31 October 2014
Published online: 1 January 2015
Published in print: January 01, 2015

Authors

Details

Helle K. Schoeyen, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Ute Kessler, M.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Ole A. Andreassen, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Bjoern H. Auestad, Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Per Bergsholm, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Ulrik F. Malt, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Gunnar Morken, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Ketil J. Oedegaard, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.
Arne Vaaler, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Division of Psychiatry and the Research Department, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; the Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; the Institute of Clinical Medicine and Neuropsychiatry, the Department of Emergency Mental Health Services, and the Gerontopsychiatric Unit, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevaal, Norway; the Østmarka Department of Psychiatry, St. Olav University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway; the Psychiatry Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway; and the Psychiatry Clinic, Østfold County Hospital, Fredrikstad, Norway.

Notes

Presented in part at the 10th International Conference on Bipolar Disorders, Miami, June 13–16, 2013.
Address correspondence to Dr. Schoeyen ([email protected] and [email protected]).

Author Contributions

Drs. Schoeyen and Kessler contributed equally to this article and share the first authorship.

Funding Information

Dr. Andreassen has received speaker honoraria from Lundbeck (Norway), GlaxoSmithKline (Norway), Eli Lilly (Norway), and Otsuka. Dr. Bergsholm has received a speaker honorarium from Pfizer (Norway). Dr. Malt has received speaker honoraria from AstraZeneca (Norway), Eli Lilly (Norway), Lundbeck (Norway), and GlaxoSmithKline (Norway) and a fee for one advisory panel meeting from Lundbeck (Norway). Dr. Oedegaard has received research grants from the Western Norway Regional Health Authority. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

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