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Published Online: 18 June 2015
The Brain’s Response to Reward Anticipation and Depression in Adolescence: Dimensionality, Specificity, and Longitudinal Predictions in a Community-Based Sample
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONArgyris Stringaris, M.D., Ph.D., Pablo Vidal-Ribas Belil, M.Sc., Eric Artiges, M.D., Ph.D., Hervé Lemaitre, Ph.D., Fanny Gollier-Briant, M.D., Ph.D., Selina Wolke, M.Sc., Hélène Vulser, M.D., … Show All … , Ruben Miranda, M.Psych., Jani Penttilä, M.D., Ph.D., Maren Struve, Ph.D., Tahmine Fadai, M.D., Viola Kappel, Dipl.-Psych., Yvonne Grimmer, M.D., Robert Goodman, Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych., Luise Poustka, M.D., Patricia Conrod, Ph.D., Anna Cattrell, Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D., Uli Bromberg, M.D., Christian Büchel, M.D., Herta Flor, Ph.D., Vincent Frouin, Ph.D., Juergen Gallinat, M.D., Hugh Garavan, Ph.D., Penny Gowland, Ph.D., Andreas Heinz, M.D., Bernd Ittermann, Ph.D., Frauke Nees, Ph.D., Dimitri Papadopoulos, Ph.D., Tomas Paus, M.D., Ph.D., Michael N. Smolka, M.D., Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D., Rob Whelan, Ph.D., Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D., Gunter Schumann, M.D., and Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot, M.D., Ph.D. IMAGEN Consortium Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
The authors examined whether alterations in the brain’s reward network operate as a mechanism across the spectrum of risk for depression. They then tested whether these alterations are specific to anhedonia as compared with low mood and whether they are predictive of depressive outcomes.
Method:
Functional MRI was used to collect blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to anticipation of reward in the monetary incentive task in 1,576 adolescents in a community-based sample. Adolescents with current subthreshold depression and clinical depression were compared with matched healthy subjects. In addition, BOLD responses were compared across adolescents with anhedonia, low mood, or both symptoms, cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Results:
Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthreshold and clinical depression relative to healthy comparison subjects. Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subthreshold or clinical depression in previously healthy adolescents at 2-year follow-up. Brain responses during reward anticipation decreased in a graded manner between healthy adolescents, adolescents with current or future subthreshold depression, and adolescents with current or future clinical depression. Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia but not low mood; however, the combined presence of both symptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses.
Conclusions:
The findings suggest that reduced striatal activation operates as a mechanism across the risk spectrum for depression. It is associated with anhedonia in healthy adolescents and is a behavioral indicator of positive valence systems, consistent with predictions based on the Research Domain Criteria.
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History
Received: 18 October 2014
Revision received: 26 January 2015
Revision received: 4 March 2015
Accepted: 27 March 2015
Published online: 18 June 2015
Published in print: December 01, 2015
Authors
Affiliations
Argyris Stringaris, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Pablo Vidal-Ribas Belil, M.Sc.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Eric Artiges, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Hervé Lemaitre, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Fanny Gollier-Briant, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Selina Wolke, M.Sc.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Hélène Vulser, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Ruben Miranda, M.Psych.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Jani Penttilä, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Maren Struve, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Tahmine Fadai, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Viola Kappel, Dipl.-Psych.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Yvonne Grimmer, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Robert Goodman, Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Luise Poustka, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Patricia Conrod, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Anna Cattrell, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Uli Bromberg, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Christian Büchel, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Herta Flor, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Vincent Frouin, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Juergen Gallinat, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Hugh Garavan, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Penny Gowland, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Andreas Heinz, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Bernd Ittermann, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Frauke Nees, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Dimitri Papadopoulos, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Tomas Paus, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Michael N. Smolka, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Rob Whelan, Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Gunter Schumann, M.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
IMAGEN Consortium
From the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, London; INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit Imaging and Psychiatry, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France; University Paris-Sud 11, Orsay; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris; AP-HP, Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Psychiatry Department 91G16, Orsay Hospital, Orsay; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Paris; Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Kauppakatu 14, Lahti, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Ste Justine Hospital, Montreal; Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Universitaetsklinikum Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, London; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig and Berlin; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and the Neuroimaging Center, Department of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Notes
Address correspondence to Dr. Stringaris ([email protected]).
Presented in part at the 69th annual meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, New York, N.Y., May 8–10, 2014.
Author Contributions
Dr. Stringaris, Mr. Vidal-Ribas Belil, and Dr. Artiges contributed equally as first authors; Dr. Martinot, Dr. Schumann, and Dr. Paillère-Martinot contributed equally as senior authors. Authors 19–35 are listed alphabetically.
Funding Information
Wellcome Trust10.13039/100004440: PCCRAOA
Supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement- related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the FP7 project IMAGEMEND (Imaging Genetics for Mental Disorders) and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Programme Grant “Developmental pathways into adolescent substance abuse” (93558), the Swedish funding agency FORMAS, the Wellcome Trust (Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge), the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the U.K. Department of Health, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL), and NIH (grant RO1 MH085772-01A1). Further support was provided by the French funding agency ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004), an Eranet-Neuron grant (project AF12-NEUR0008-01-WM2NA), the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Descartes University (collaborative project 2010), Paris Sud University (IDEX-2012), the Fondation de France, and the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte Contre la Drogue et la Toxicomanie.Dr. Stringaris has received funding from the Wellcome Trust and the U.K. National Institutes of Health Research, funds from University College London for a joint project with Johnson & Johnson, and royalties from Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press. Mr. Vidal-Ribas Belil was supported by the Alicia Koplowitz Foundation. Dr. Goodman is the owner of Youthinmind, Ltd., which provides no-cost and low-cost software and web sites related to the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Dr. Banaschewski has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Shire and Viforpharma, has served as an adviser or consultant for Eli Lilly, Hexal Pharma, Medice, Novartis, Otsuka, Oxford Outcomes, PCM Scientific, Shire, and Viforpharma, and has received conference attendance support and conference support or speaking fees from Eli Lilly, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. Dr. Walter receives an honorarium for his work on the editorial board of Nervenheilkunde and has received a speaking honorarium from Servier. Dr. Gallinat has received research funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the German Science Foundation, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Janssen-Cilag, and Bristol-Myers Squibb and speaking fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Janssen-Cilag. Dr. Paillère-Martinot has received compensation from Janssen-Cilag for CME activities. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.Metrics & Citations
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