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Published Online: 22 January 2020

An Electroencephalography Connectomic Profile of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Russell T. Toll, Ph.D., Wei Wu, Ph.D., Sharon Naparstek, Ph.D., Yu Zhang, Ph.D., Manjari Narayan, Ph.D., Brian Patenaude, Ph.D., Carlo De Los Angeles, M.S., Kasra Sarhadi, B.A., Nicole Anicetti, B.A., Parker Longwell, B.A., Emmanuel Shpigel, B.A., Rachael Wright, B.S., Jennifer Newman, Ph.D., Bryan Gonzalez, B.A., Roland Hart, B.A., Silas Mann, B.A., Duna Abu-Amara, M.P.H., Kamron Sarhadi, B.S., Carena Cornelssen, B.S., Charles Marmar, M.D., and Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected]Authors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 177, Number 3
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.18080911
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Abstract

Objective:

The authors sought to identify brain regions whose frequency-specific, orthogonalized resting-state EEG power envelope connectivity differs between combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and healthy combat-exposed veterans, and to determine the behavioral correlates of connectomic differences.

Methods:

The authors first conducted a connectivity method validation study in healthy control subjects (N=36). They then conducted a two-site case-control study of veterans with and without PTSD who were deployed to Iraq and/or Afghanistan. Healthy individuals (N=95) and those meeting full or subthreshold criteria for PTSD (N=106) underwent 64-channel resting EEG (eyes open and closed), which was then source-localized and orthogonalized to mitigate effects of volume conduction. Correlation coefficients between band-limited source-space power envelopes of different regions of interest were then calculated and corrected for multiple comparisons. Post hoc correlations of connectomic abnormalities with clinical features and performance on cognitive tasks were conducted to investigate the relevance of the dysconnectivity findings.

Results:

Seventy-four brain region connections were significantly reduced in PTSD (all in the eyes-open condition and predominantly using the theta carrier frequency). Underconnectivity of the orbital and anterior middle frontal gyri were most prominent. Performance differences in the digit span task mapped onto connectivity between 25 of the 74 brain region pairs, including within-network connections in the dorsal attention, frontoparietal control, and ventral attention networks.

Conclusions:

Robust PTSD-related abnormalities were evident in theta-band source-space orthogonalized power envelope connectivity, which furthermore related to cognitive deficits in these patients. These findings establish a clinically relevant connectomic profile of PTSD using a tool that facilitates the lower-cost clinical translation of network connectivity research.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 177 • Number 3 • March 01, 2020
Pages: 233 - 243
PubMed: 31964161

History

Received: 7 August 2018
Revision received: 15 February 2019
Revision received: 15 April 2019
Revision received: 11 September 2019
Revision received: 11 October 2019
Accepted: 24 October 2019
Published online: 22 January 2020
Published in print: March 01, 2020

Keywords

  1. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
  2. Brain Imaging
  3. Electroencephalography
  4. Functional Connectivity
  5. Brain Networks
  6. Cognition

Authors

Affiliations

Russell T. Toll, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Wei Wu, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Sharon Naparstek, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Yu Zhang, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Manjari Narayan, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Brian Patenaude, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Carlo De Los Angeles, M.S.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Kasra Sarhadi, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Nicole Anicetti, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Parker Longwell, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Emmanuel Shpigel, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Rachael Wright, B.S.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Jennifer Newman, Ph.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Bryan Gonzalez, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Roland Hart, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Silas Mann, B.A.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Duna Abu-Amara, M.P.H.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Kamron Sarhadi, B.S.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Carena Cornelssen, B.S.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Charles Marmar, M.D.
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Amit Etkin, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected]
Department of Bioengineering (Toll), Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (Toll, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), and the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin), Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and the Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Palo Alto, Calif. (Toll, Wu, Naparstek, Zhang, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Kasra Sarhadi, Anicetti, Longwell, Shpigel, Wright, Kamron Sarhadi, Cornelssen, Etkin); Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center for Posttraumatic Stress and Traumatic Brain Injury, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Wu, Naparstek, Narayan, Patenaude, De Los Angeles, Longwell, Shpigel, Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Cornelssen, Marmar, Etkin); School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China (Wu); and Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York (Newman, Gonzalez, Hart, Mann, Abu-Amara, Marmar).
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Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Etkin ([email protected]).

Author Contributions

Drs. Toll and Wu contributed equally to this work.

Competing Interests

Dr. Marmar receives support from Cohen Veterans Bioscience, the Cohen Veterans Network, the Department of Defense, the Home Depot Foundation, the McCormick Foundation, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Robin Hood Foundation, the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Veterans Center, the City of New York, and the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation. Dr. Etkin holds equity in Akili Interactive, Mindstrong Health, and Sizung and receives salary and equity from Alto Neuroscience. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

Cohen Veterans Bioscience:
Tip-Top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong: 2015TQ01X361
National Key Research and Development Plan of China: 2017YFB1002505
National Science Foundationhttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001: DGE-1147470
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairshttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000738:
Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation:
Supported by grants from the Steven and Alexandra Cohen Foundation and from Cohen Veterans Bioscience. This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-1147470) to Dr. Toll. This work was also supported by the National Key Research and Development Plan of China (grant 2017YFB1002505) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 61876063 and 61836003) to Dr. Wu.

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