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Published Online: 7 May 2020
Neural Correlates of the Dual-Pathway Model for ADHD in Adolescents
Chun Shen, M.Sc., Qiang Luo, Ph.D. [email protected], Tianye Jia, Ph.D., Qi Zhao, M.Sc., Sylvane Desrivières, Ph.D., Erin Burke Quinlan, Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., … Show All … , Sabina Millenet, D.Psych., Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D., Christian Büchel, M.D., Herta Flor, Ph.D., Vincent Frouin, Ph.D., Hugh Garavan, Ph.D., Penny Gowland, Ph.D., Andreas Heinz, M.D., Ph.D., Bernd Ittermann, Ph.D., Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D., Eric Artiges, M.D., Ph.D., Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot, M.D., Ph.D., Frauke Nees, Ph.D., Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Ph.D., Tomáš Paus, M.D., Ph.D., Luise Poustka, M.D., Juliane H. Fröhner, M.Sc., Michael N. Smolka, M.D., Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D., Robert Whelan, Ph.D., Fei Li, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected], Jianfeng Feng, Ph.D. [email protected], Gunter Schumann, M.D., and Barbara J. Sahakian, Ph.D., D.Sc. for the IMAGEN consortium Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
The dual-pathway model has been proposed to explain the heterogeneity in symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by two independent psychological pathways based on distinct brain circuits. The authors sought to test whether the hypothesized cognitive and motivational pathways have separable neural correlates.
Methods:
In a longitudinal community-based cohort of 1,963 adolescents, the neuroanatomical correlates of ADHD were identified by a voxel-wise association analysis and then validated using an independent clinical sample (99 never-medicated patients with ADHD, 56 medicated patients with ADHD, and 267 healthy control subjects). The cognitive and motivational pathways were assessed by neuropsychological tests of working memory, intrasubject variability, stop-signal reaction time, and delay discounting. The associations were tested between the identified neuroanatomical correlates and both ADHD symptoms 2 years later and the polygenic risk score for ADHD.
Results:
Gray matter volumes of both a prefrontal cluster and a posterior occipital cluster were negatively associated with inattention. Compared with healthy control subjects, never-medicated patients, but not medicated patients, had significantly lower gray matter volumes in these two clusters. Working memory and intrasubject variability were associated with the posterior occipital cluster, and delay discounting was independently associated with both clusters. The baseline gray matter volume of the posterior occipital cluster predicted the inattention symptoms in a 2-year follow-up and was associated with the genetic risk for ADHD.
Conclusions:
The dual-pathway model has both shared and separable neuroanatomical correlates, and the shared correlate in the occipital cortex has the potential to serve as an imaging trait marker of ADHD, especially the inattention symptom domain.
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Information & Authors
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History
Received: 18 February 2019
Revision received: 17 February 2020
Accepted: 18 March 2020
Published online: 7 May 2020
Published in print: September 01, 2020
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Authors
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Chun Shen, M.Sc.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Tianye Jia, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Qi Zhao, M.Sc.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Sylvane Desrivières, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Erin Burke Quinlan, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Sabina Millenet, D.Psych.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Christian Büchel, M.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Herta Flor, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Vincent Frouin, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Hugh Garavan, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Penny Gowland, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Andreas Heinz, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Bernd Ittermann, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Eric Artiges, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Marie-Laure Paillère-Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Frauke Nees, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Dimitri Papadopoulos Orfanos, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Tomáš Paus, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Luise Poustka, M.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Juliane H. Fröhner, M.Sc.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Michael N. Smolka, M.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Robert Whelan, Ph.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Gunter Schumann, M.D.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Barbara J. Sahakian, Ph.D., D.Sc.
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
for the IMAGEN consortium
Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education–Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Shen, Luo, Jia, Feng, Sahakian); State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Luo); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Sahakian); Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Desrivières, Quinlan, Schumann); School of Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Zhao); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski, Millenet, Nees); Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin (Bokde); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (Büchel); Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Flor, Nees); Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (Flor); Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany (Nees); NeuroSpin, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique, Université Paris–Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Frouin, Orfanos); Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington (Garavan); Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K. (Gowland); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Heinz, Walter); Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig and Berlin (Ittermann); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Neuroimaging and Psychiatry, University Paris Sud–Paris Saclay, University Paris Descartes, Paris (Martinot, Artiges, Paillère-Martinot); Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France (Martinot, Artiges); Maison de Solenn, Paris (Martinot); Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Department of Psychiatry, Orsay, France (Artiges); Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris (Paillère-Martinot); Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto (Paus); Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto (Paus); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Poustka); Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna (Poustka); Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Fröhner, Smolka); School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin (Whelan); Developmental and Behavioral Pediatric Department and Child Primary Care Department, Ministry of Education–Shanghai Key Lab for Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China (Li, Sahakian); Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K. (Feng); and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Feng).
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Luo ([email protected]), Prof. Li ([email protected]), and Prof. Feng ([email protected]).
Author Contributions
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
Funding Information
Dr. Luo was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2018YFC0910503), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant 81873909), and the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (grant 17ZR1444400). During the preparation of this manuscript, Dr. Luo was a visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge, U.K. Dr. Jia was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81801773) and the Shanghai Pujiang Project (18PJ1400900). Dr. Feng was partially supported by the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project (grant 2018SHZDZX01), the Zhangjiang Lab, the key project of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Plan (grant 16JC1420402), the Shanghai AI Platform for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, the Project of Zhangjiang Hi-Tech District Management Committee, Shanghai (grant 2016-17), and the 111 project (grant B18015). Dr. Li was partially supported by the Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning (grants 2017ZZ02026, 2018BR33, 2017EKHWYX-02, and GDEK201709), the Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center (grant 16CR2025B), the Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (grant 20152234), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 81930095, 81571031, 81761128035, and 81703249), the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (grants 17XD1403200 and 18DZ2313505), Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (grants 2018YJRC03, Talent Introduction-014, and Top Talent-201603). This work received support from the following sources: the European Union–funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-Related Behavior in Normal Brain Function and Psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant “STRATIFY” (Brain Network–Based Stratification of Reinforcement-Related Disorders) (695313), ERANID (Understanding the Interplay Between Cultural, Biological, and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways) (PR-ST-0416-10004), BRIDGET (JPND: Brain Imaging, Cognition Dementia, and Next Generation Genomics) (MR/N027558/1), the FP7 projects IMAGEMEND (602450; Imaging Genetics for Mental Disorders) and MATRICS (603016), the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Grant “c-VEDA” (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7-1, SM 80/7-2, SFB 940/1). Further support was provided by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (project AF12-NEUR0008-01-WM2NA, and ANR-12-SAMA-0004), the Fondation de France, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contre les Drogues et les Conduites Addictives (MILDECA), the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), NIH (grant RO1 MH085772-01A1; Axon, Testosterone, and Mental Health During Adolescence), and NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centers of Excellence and the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (Mental Health Theme).
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