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Published Online: 14 July 2020

Low-Dose Testosterone Augmentation for Antidepressant-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder in Women: An 8-Week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study

Laura E. Dichtel, M.D., Linda L. Carpenter, M.D., Maren Nyer, Ph.D., David Mischoulon, M.D., Ph.D., Allison Kimball, M.D., Thilo Deckersbach, Ph.D., Darin D. Dougherty, M.D., M.M.Sc., … Show All … , David A. Schoenfeld, Ph.D., Lauren Fisher, Ph.D., Cristina Cusin, M.D., Christina Dording, M.D., Nhi-Ha Trinh, M.D., M.P.H., Paola Pedrelli, Ph.D., Albert Yeung, M.D., Sc.D., Amy Farabaugh, Ph.D., George I. Papakostas, M.D., Trina Chang, M.D., M.P.H., Benjamin G. Shapero, Ph.D., Justin Chen, M.D., Paolo Cassano, M.D., Ph.D., Emily M. Hahn, B.S., Elizabeth M. Rao, Sc.B., Roscoe O. Brady, Jr., M.D., Ph.D., Ravinder J. Singh, Ph.D., Audrey R. Tyrka, M.D., Ph.D., Lawrence H. Price, M.D., Maurizio Fava, M.D., and Karen K. Miller, M.D. [email protected]Authors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 177, Number 10
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19080844
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Abstract

Objective:

Low-dose testosterone has been shown to improve depression symptom severity, fatigue, and sexual function in small studies in women not formally diagnosed with major depressive disorder. The authors sought to determine whether adjunctive low-dose transdermal testosterone improves depression symptom severity, fatigue, and sexual function in women with antidepressant-resistant major depression. A functional MRI (fMRI) substudy examined effects on activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a brain region important in mood regulation.

Methods:

The authors conducted an 8-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive testosterone cream in 101 women, ages 21–70, with antidepressant-resistant major depression. The primary outcome measure was depression symptom severity as assessed by the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Secondary endpoints included fatigue, sexual function, and safety measures. The primary outcome of the fMRI substudy (N=20) was change in ACC activity.

Results:

The participants’ mean age was 47 years (SD=14) and their mean baseline MADRS score was 26.6 (SD=5.9). Eighty-seven (86%) participants completed 8 weeks of treatment. MADRS scores decreased in both study arms from baseline to week 8 (testosterone arm: from 26.8 [SD=6.3] to 15.3 [SD=9.6]; placebo arm: from 26.3 [SD=5.4] to 14.4 [SD=9.3]), with no significant difference between groups. Improvement in fatigue and sexual function did not differ between groups, nor did side effects. fMRI results showed a relationship between ACC activation and androgen levels before treatment but no difference in ACC activation with testosterone compared with placebo.

Conclusions:

Adjunctive transdermal testosterone, although well tolerated, was not more effective than placebo in improving symptoms of depression, fatigue, or sexual dysfunction. Imaging in a subset of participants demonstrated that testosterone did not result in greater activation of the ACC.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 177 • Number 10 • October 01, 2020
Pages: 965 - 973
PubMed: 32660299

History

Received: 19 August 2019
Revision received: 13 February 2020
Accepted: 22 April 2020
Published online: 14 July 2020
Published in print: October 01, 2020

Keywords

  1. Testosterone
  2. Augmentation
  3. Antidepressant-Resistant Depression
  4. Major Depressive Disorder
  5. Placebo Effect

Authors

Details

Laura E. Dichtel, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Linda L. Carpenter, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Maren Nyer, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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David Mischoulon, M.D., Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Allison Kimball, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Thilo Deckersbach, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Darin D. Dougherty, M.D., M.M.Sc.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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David A. Schoenfeld, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Lauren Fisher, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Cristina Cusin, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Christina Dording, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Nhi-Ha Trinh, M.D., M.P.H.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Paola Pedrelli, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Albert Yeung, M.D., Sc.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Amy Farabaugh, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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George I. Papakostas, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Trina Chang, M.D., M.P.H.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Benjamin G. Shapero, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Justin Chen, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Paolo Cassano, M.D., Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Emily M. Hahn, B.S.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Elizabeth M. Rao, Sc.B.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Roscoe O. Brady, Jr., M.D., Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Ravinder J. Singh, Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Audrey R. Tyrka, M.D., Ph.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Lawrence H. Price, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Maurizio Fava, M.D.
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Karen K. Miller, M.D. [email protected]
Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Dichtel, Kimball, Miller); Depression Clinical and Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Nyer, Mischoulon, Deckersbach, Dougherty, Yeung, Cassano, Hahn, Farabaugh, Pedrelli, Trinh, Dording, Cusin, Papakostas, Chang, Fisher, Shapero, Chen, Fava); Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston (Brady); Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Schoenfeld); Butler Hospital and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, R.I. (Carpenter, Tyrka, Price); Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Rao); Mayo Clinic Endocrine Laboratory, Rochester, Minn. (Singh).
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Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Miller ([email protected]).

Author Contributions

Drs. Dichtel and Carpenter contributed equally as first authors, and Drs. Fava and Miller contributed equally as last authors.

Funding Information

Dr. Dichtel has received study medication from Pfizer. Dr. Carpenter has received research support or research equipment support from Affect Neuro, Feelmore Labs, Janssen, NeoSync, Neuronetics, and Nexstim; she has served as a consultant for Affect Neuro, Janssen, Magstim, NeoSync, Neuronetics, Nexstim, and Sage Therapeutics. Dr. Mischoulon has received research support from Nordic Naturals; he has served as an unpaid consultant for Pharmavite and Gnosis USA; he has received speaking honoraria from Blackmores, Harvard Blog, the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy, and the PeerPoint Medical Education Institute; he has received royalties from Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

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