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Published Online: 7 August 2024

Closed-Loop Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: An Open-Label Pilot Study

Tobias Schwippel, M.D., Francesca Pupillo, B.S., Zachary Feldman, M.D., Christopher Walker, Ph.D., Leah Townsend, Ph.D., David Rubinow, M.D., and Flavio Frohlich, Ph.D. [email protected]Authors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Preprint
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.20230838
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Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Preprint

History

Received: 19 October 2023
Revision received: 19 January 2024
Accepted: 13 February 2024
Published online: 7 August 2024

Keywords

  1. Depressive Disorders
  2. Major Depressive Disorder
  3. Neurostimulation
  4. Neuroscience

Authors

Affiliations

Tobias Schwippel, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Francesca Pupillo, B.S.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Zachary Feldman, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Christopher Walker, Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Leah Townsend, Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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David Rubinow, M.D.
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Flavio Frohlich, Ph.D. [email protected]
Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Rubinow, Frohlich); Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C. (Schwippel, Pupillo, Feldman, Frohlich); Electromedical Products International, Inc., Mineral Wells, Tex. (Townsend); Pulvinar Neuro, LLC., Durham, N.C. (Townsend, Walker).
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Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Frohlich ([email protected]).
Parts of the work were presented at SPR 2023, New Orleans, USA (09/28/2023). Preliminary results were presented at SOBP 2023, San Diego, USA, (04/28/2023).

Competing Interests

Dr. Townsend is an employee and shareholder of EPI and an employee of Pulvinar Neuro and receives funding from the NIH. Dr. Walker is an employee of Pulvinar Neuro. Dr. Rubinow receives research funding from the NIH, the Baszucki Foundation, and Sage Therapeutics; serves on the scientific advisory boards of Sage Therapeutics, Sensorium Therapeutics, and the Foundation of Hope; serves on the clinical advisory boards of Felicitypharma and Embarkneuro; is a consultant to Brii Biosciences, GH Research-Ireland, and Aldeyra Therapeutics; has stock options from Sensorium Therapeutics and Sage Therapeutics. Dr. Frohlich is a shareholder of EPI and receives payments from EPI for chairing the scientific advisory board, and is listed as an inventor on patents issued to UNC-CHapel Hill on non-invasive brain stimulation. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

This study was funded by Electromedical Products International, Inc. (EPI). EPI/Pulvinar Neuro imposed no restrictions on the reporting of the results presented here. Research reported in this publication was in part supported by the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R44MH119872. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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