A Clinical Study of New Cases of Parenchymal Neurosyphilis: Has Tabes Dorsalis Disappeared or Been Missed?
Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Abstract
Tabes dorsalis (TD) was documented as the most common parenchymal neurosyphilis, but its incidence dramatically declined in the antibiotic era. Syphilis has resurged on the China mainland since the 1980s. In recent years, physicians have been reporting parenchymal neurosyphilis, and the overwhelming majority was general paresis, but this was not the case in the authors’ hospital. To make clear the real situation of parenchymal neurosyphilis in the authors’ hospital, a retrospective review was carried out of the records of patients during 2009–2012. Overrepresented clinical new cases of tabetic and paretic parenchymal neurosyphilis were collected. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, laboratory data, and responses to penicillin were analyzed in two groups. The efficiency of two current criteria based on CSF antibodies tests was inspected. In the 43 cases with positive serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and TPPA tests, 18 patients met the criteria of this study: 11 presented with symptoms of general paresis, and seven had typical presentations of TD. There were statistical differences in serum RPR titers, CSF RPR, white blood cell count, and TP between the paretic and tabetic groups. The response to penicillin was relatively poor in TD. The efficiency of two current criteria was lower in the diagnosis of TD. TD was not uncommon in our area. Its clinical features remained typical, but underdiagnosis with CSF-based criteria and a decreased response to penicillin were prominent issues.
Parenchymal neurosyphilis is a landmark in the evolution of modern neurology since its emergence at the end of the 19th century. In the early 20th century, neurosyphilis was a leading cause of neurologic disease.1 Following the organized public health measures and introduction of penicillin in the 1950s, the incidence of syphilis dramatically declined, and as a result, neurosyphilis is uncommon. It was written in a textbook that if a patient presents no relevant symptoms and signs on neurologic examination, testing for nontreponemal antibodies is no longer recommended in the evaluation of dementia, sensory, and gait disturbance.2 However, it is an incontrovertible fact that syphilis has resurged all over the world,3 and there is a more prominent trend in China since the 1980s.4 In the last 10 years, the occurrence of parenchymal neurosyphilis has increased significantly; mostly general paresis.5 However, clinical syndromes of neurosyphilis have become nontypical.6,7 There are some problems with the diagnosis, because current tests use two categories of antibodies: nontreponemal and treponemal specific. When used as serologic tests, the sensitivities and specificities of these tests are ideal. However, this is not the case in CSF, where the estimated specificity of nontreponemal tests is high but the sensitivity is lower (about 30%−75% in different studies according to a variable definition of cases).8–10 Traditionally, treponemal-specific tests are not suitable to be used in CSF because of transudation of immunoglobulin from the serum. This means that we are not familiar with these disorders and lack a powerful diagnostic modality. Therefore, we have reason to question the present opinions about parenchymal neurosyphilis, especially tabes dorsalis (TD), which was the most common form in the preantibiotic era, but the reverse is true today. In our hospital, a medical center locating in southern China, general paresis and TD are not uncommon disorders. In this article, parenchymal neurosyphilis is reviewed. Clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, and laboratory data were analyzed in the paretic and tabetic groups. The efficiency of the two current criteria based on CSF antibodies tests was studied.
Methods
Study Participants
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients discharged from our hospital from January 2009 to December 2012. We first retrieved all cases with positive serum rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and TPPA. All participants underwent a structured history and neurologic examination that included assessment of cranial nerves, motor strength, sensation, coordination, reflexes, and gait. According to their symptoms and signs, patients were classified. In this study, those patients with encephalopathy including cognitive impairment, personality change, convulsion, and/or psychiatric symptoms were classified to the paretic type and those with spinal cord symptoms including lancinating pain, ataxia, bladder disturbance, and paresthesia were classified as tabetic neurosyphilis. Past and family history, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological data of these patients were fully reviewed; patients with other diseases that can induce similar syndromes were excluded, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and major depression in the paretic form and diabetic neuropathy, subacute combined degeneration, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in the tabetic form. Patients who had been diagnosed and treated with neurosyphilis were also ruled out. Participants included in this study represent a convenience sample selected to overrepresent newly diagnosed paretic and tabetic neurosyphilis cases based on these clinical features.
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Xiamen ChangGung Hospital Review Board, and human experimentation guidelines were followed in the conduct of this research. Written inform consent was obtained from all participants.
Laboratory Data and Diagnostic Criteria
Serum RPR and TPPA, CSF white blood cell count, total protein, RPR, and TPPA were analyzed. The titers of antibodies in serum were collected; in CSF, only qualitative data were considered. Definite neurosyphilis is defined according to published criteria. If CSF RPR was positive, the case was considered fulfilling criteria A. Criteria B was defined as having positive CSF TPPA with either an increased white blood cell count or total protein.2,7,11
Definition of Response to Penicillin
In this study, all patients received regular therapy of 4 million units of penicillin intravenously every 4 hours for 14 days. At 3 months after treatment, doctors, according to the following definitions as their literal meaning, appraised responses to therapy: progressive disease, stable disease, partial response, and complete response. We define progressive and stable disease as noneffective and partial and complete responses as an effective response to penicillin.
Statistical Methods
Patients were classified as paretic or tabetic. Their age, titers of serum RPR and TPPA, CSF white blood cell count, and total protein, we performed using Mann-Whitney U test, and comparison of proportions was performed using ×2 or Fisher exact tests. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Participant Characteristics
Forty-three patients with positive RPR and TPPA were documented, and none of them had a positive HIV reaction. In the 30 cases of diverse syndromes of neurosyphilis, three cases were consistent with the vascular and meningeal form; 17, nine, and one cases had syndromes of the paretic, tabetic, and taboparetic type, respectively. Five with the paretic form and one with the tabetic form were excluded because of previous treatment for neurosyphilis. Two cases, one each in two groups, were excluded because of possible vascular dementia and diabetic polyneuropathy according to related criteria. Therefore, 18 new cases of parenchymal neurosyphilis were recruited in this study (Figure 1). The characteristics of the study participants are shown in Table 1. The sex ratio and age were similar in the two groups for statistical analysis. For clinical symptoms and signs, dementia and/or personality change were recorded in all patients with general paresis, and lancinating pain was found in six of seven cases of TD; another one case was recruited in this study because of visual loss. At neurological examination, no consistent signs were recorded in general paresis cases. The most common signs were dysarthria in five of 11 cases and abnormal pupil and myoclonic jerk in two and one cases, respectively. However, in patients with TD, decreased DTR or DTR loss were found in seven of seven cases, and abnormal pupil was found in five of seven cases, in which two cases had A-R pupils.
FIGURE 1. Results of Recruitment of Casesa
aForty-three patients with positive rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and TPPA were documented. In the 30 cases of diverse syndromes of neurosyphilis, three cases are consistent with the vascular and meningeal form; 17, nine, and one cases have syndromes of the paretic, tabetic, and taboparetic type, respectively. Five of the paretic form and one of the tabetic form were excluded because of previous treatment as neurosyphilis. Two cases, one each in the two groups, were excluded because of possible vascular dementia and diabetic polyneuropathy according to related criteria. Therefore, 18 new cases of parenchymal neurosyphilis were recruited in this study.
| N | General information | Clinical Features | Neuroimaging | Serum | CSF | Criterion | Response to Penicillin | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | Age (years) | Symptoms and Signs | Form | RPR | TPPA | RPR | TPPA | WBC (/μL) | TP (mg/dL) | A | B | |||
| 1 | M | 53 | Personality change, dysarthria, myoclonic jerk | Paretic | Right frontal lobe and periventricular T2 hypertensities, brain atrophy | 1:16 | 1:5120 | 1:16 | 1:5120 | 71 | 89 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 2 | M | 58 | Dementia, personality change, dysarthria | Paretic | Brain atrophy | 1:8 | 1:2560 | 1:4 | 1:2560 | 6 | 104 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 3 | M | 53 | Dementia, personality change | Paretic | Subcortical and periventricular T2 hypertensities | 1:32 | 1:1280 | 1:8 | 1:2560 | 30 | 87 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 4 | M | 50 | Dementia, dysarthria | Paretic | Subcortical and periventricular T2 hypertensities | 1:32 | 1:2560 | 1:16 | 1:2560 | 64 | 82 | Yes | Yes | Complete response |
| 5 | M | 40 | Personality change, abnormal pupil | Paretic | Subcortical and periventricular T2 hypertensities | 1:32 | 1:2560 | 1:1 | 1:5120 | 0 | 60 | Yes | Yes | Stable disease |
| 6 | M | 57 | Dementia, dysarthria | Paretic | Brain atrophy | 1:32 | 1:2560 | 1:8 | 1:2560 | 199 | 162 | Yes | Yes | Complete response |
| 7 | M | 47 | Dementia | Paretic | Brain atrophy | 1:64 | 1:2560 | 1:2 | 1:2560 | 35 | 63 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 8 | F | 55 | Dementia, personality change, abnormal pupil | Paretic | Subcortical and periventricular T2 hypertensities, brain atrophy | 1:128 | 1:2560 | 1:4 | 1:2560 | 1 | 61 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 9 | F | 54 | Dementia, personality change | Paretic | Subcortical and periventricular T2 hypertensities | 1:8 | 1:2560 | — | 1:2560 | 0 | 59 | No | Yes | Stable disease |
| 10 | M | 52 | Dementia, dysarthria | Paretic | Brain atrophy | 1:64 | 1:2560 | 1:4 | 1:2560 | 14 | 74 | Yes | Yes | Complete response |
| 11 | F | 64 | Dementia, personality change | Paretic | Subcortical T2 hypertensities, brain atrophy | 1:16 | 1:2560 | 1:2 | 1:2560 | 16 | 84 | Yes | Yes | Partial response |
| 12 | F | 52 | Lancinating pain, decreased DTR, abnormal (A-R) pupil | Tabetic | Normal | 1:8 | 1:2560 | — | 1:320 | 5 | 34 | No | Yes | Stable disease |
| 13 | M | 58 | Lancinating pain, ataxia, loss of proprioception, impotence, decreased DTR, | Tabetic | Normal | 1:2 | 1:2560 | 1:2 | — | 0 | 27 | Yes | No | Partial response |
| 14 | F | 48 | Lancinating pain, decreased DTR, abnormal pupil (A-R), impaired deep sensation | Tabetic | Normal | 1:2 | 1:5120 | — | — | 1 | 55 | No | No | Stable disease |
| 15 | M | 66 | Lancinating pain, decreased DTR, abnormal pupil | Tabetic | Normal | 1:2 | 1:2560 | — | 1:320 | 0 | 43 | No | No | Progressive disease |
| 16 | F | 58 | Lancinating pain, loss of proprioception, ataxia, decreased DTR | Tabetic | No data | 1:2 | 1:64 | — | 1:320 | 2 | 55 | No | Yes | Partial response |
| 17 | M | 49 | Visual loss, ataxia, DTR loss, abnormal pupil | Tabetic | Normal | 1:16 | 1:2560 | 1:2 | 1:2560 | 1 | 80 | Yes | Yes | Stable disease |
| 18 | M | 48 | Lancinating pain, decreased DTR, abnormal pupil | Tabetic | Normal | 1:16 | 1:2560 | — | 1:640 | 0 | 42 | No | No | Stable disease |
a
DTR=___; RPR=rapid plasma regain; TPPA=___; WBC=white blood cell count.
Neuroimaging
Two types of changes were identified using brain MRI in paretic cases, which were hypertense in T2-weighted and brain atrophy. Neuroimaging of the spinal cord was available in six of seven cases of TD, and no significant lesions were found (Table 1).
Laboratory Tests
In serum antibodies tests, serum RPR and TPPA tests were reactive in all cases according to our inclusion criteria. RPR titers in the paretic group [median (interquartile), 1:32 (1:16–1:64)] were significantly higher than that of the tabetic group [median (interquartile), 1:2 (1:2–1:16), p=0.003]. However, TPPA titers were not significantly different from each group (p=1.00). In CSF routine studies, the CSF white blood cell count of the paretic group [median (interquartile), 16 (1–64)] was higher than that of the tabetic group [median (interquartile), 1 (0–2), p=0.027]. Total protein of the paretic group [median (interquartile), 82 (61–89)] was significantly higher than that of the tabetic group [median (interquartile), 43 (34–55), p=0.001]. In CSF antibodies tests, RPR was positive in 10 (90.9%) cases with the paretic form, but only two (28.6%) patients with the tabetic form, and there was a statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.013). TPPA was reactive in all patients with the paretic form and in five (71.4%) patients with the tabetic form; no statistical difference was recorded (p=0.137; Table 2).
| Characteristic/Value | Median (IQR) or number (percentage) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paretic (N=11) | Tabetic (N=7) | ||
| Male | 8 (72.7%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.332 |
| Age (years) | 53 (50–57) | 52 (48–58) | 0.930 |
| Time from onset (months) | 7 (5–10) | 24 (18–60) | 0.000 |
| Serum RPR (1/titer) | 32 (16–64) | 2 (2–16) | 0.003 |
| Serum TPPA (1/titer) | 2560 (2560–2560) | 2560 (2560–2560) | 1.000 |
| CSF WBC (/μL) | 16 (1–64) | 1 (0–2) | 0.027 |
| CSF TP (mg/dL) | 82 (61–89) | 431 (342–551) | 0.001 |
| CSF RPR (percentage) | 10 (90.9%) | 2 (28.6%) | 0.013 |
| CSF TPPA (percentage) | 11 (100%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.137 |
| Rate of criterion A (percentage) | 10 (90.9%) | 2 (28.6%) | 0.013 |
| Rate of criterion B (percentage) | 11 (100%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.02 |
| Response to penicillin (percentage) | 9 (81.8%) | 2 (28.6%) | 0.049 |
a
RPR=rapid plasma regain; TPPA=___; WBC=white blood cell count.
Efficiency of Criteria
The statistical data for the efficiency of criteria A are the same as the CSF RPR according to the definition (p=0.013). Regarding criterion B, all cases of general paresis and three (42.9%) cases of TD met the criterion, and there was a statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.02; Table 2).
Response to Penicillin
Effective treatments were recorded in nine cases of general paresis and two cases of TD. There was a statistical difference between these two groups (p=0.049; Table 2).
Discussion
First of all, we asked ourselves an essential question in this study: were the cases of TD correctly diagnosed. TD, or locomotor ataxia, was the most common form of neurosyphilis described in the preantibiotic era.12 TD was typically seen in patients between 44 and 60 years of age, and onset ranged from 3 to 47 years after primary infection, with an average of 21 years. TD is manifested by lancinating or lightning-like pain, progressive ataxia, loss of proprioception, dysfunction of sphincters, and impaired sexual function in men. The chief signs are loss of tendon reflexes, impaired vibratory and position sense in the legs, and abnormal pupils.2 In the antibiotic era, clinicians detected a shift in clinical patterns of neurosyphilis, with a dramatically decreasing rate of TD.6,13 This change was interpreted as its susceptibility to antibiotics and an overestimation of the frequency because of being ill defined.7 However, the reason remains obscure.
In our seven cases of TD, the chief complaints of six cases were lancinating or lightning-like pain in legs, and another one case was progressive visual loss. Ataxia and loss of proprioception were recorded in three and two patients, respectively. At neurological examination, decreased or diminished DTR was recorded in all cases, with five cases having abnormal pupils, in which three cases were Argyll-Robertson pupils. Although tabes is an ill-defined syndrome, these unique combined symptoms and signs, with the exclusion of other possible diseases by PNS electrophysiological and spinal cord neuroimaging studies, gave us the confidence to ensure the clinical diagnosis of TD.
General paresis, or general paresis of the insane, was the first cause of dementia and admission to a psychiatric hospital before the 1950s. Behavior changes may suggest a psychosis, but the most common problem is dementia, with loss of memory, poor judgment, and emotional liability. In the final stages, dementia and quadriparesis are severe.2 Neuroimaging is not specific, but may aid in the diagnosis.14 In the 11 patients with general paresis, the most common symptoms were subacute and chronic-onset dementia and personality change, with no consistent signs. Although the differential diagnoses are broad, we could confirm that the symptoms of these patients resulted from the pathological changes of syphilis with positive serum and CSF antibodies tests of all the 11 cases in this study.
The presentations were not atypical in our 18 cases. This argues the general viewpoint. However, this result was also demonstrated in a study from the United Kingdom in 1979 that reported 17 cases of neurosyphilis.15 On the basis of this observation, we believe that TD was not uncommon, at least in our area. However, one should pay attention to the special situation of our study. Syphilis, a well-known sexually transmitted disease, is severely discriminated against in Chinese culture.16 Penicillin is so inexpensive that regular treatment of syphilis is not an attractive point for most of our current for-profit medical institutions.17 All our 18 cases had negative HIV tests. This is also a key factor for different clinical spectrums that compared with many studies in the United States and Europe.
In serologic and CSF tests, statistical differences were noted with the serum RPR titers, CSF white blood cell counts, CSF TP, and CSF RPR between the two groups. These differences perhaps resulted from the different pathological changes in these two distinct disorders caused by same pathogen. The paretic form is characterized by infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells into small cortical vessels and the cortex itself following an inflammatory meningeal reaction. Otherwise, in TD, such inflammation of meninges is followed by insidious degeneration of the posterior roots and posterior fiber columns of the spinal cord.18 The pathogen, spirochetes, may be found in the paretic form, but only rarely in other forms.2,19 That means that the tabetic form is a primarily degenerative disease with less inflammatory change. As a result, tests based on inflammatory changes were more prominent in general paresis than TD. These differences were also verified by the findings in neuroimaging. Hyperintense in T2-weighted and/or brain atrophy were found in all paretic cases, but in patients with the tabetic form, there were no significant findings with their spinal cord MRI. This is also a reasonable explanation of the response to penicillin, whose target is spirochetes, but not the degenerative pathological change. Therefore, the treatment of TD still remains a challenge as it did in the 1940s and 1950s.20
References
1.
Brandt AM: No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880. New York, Oxford University Press, 1987
2.
Stefanis L, Rowland LP: Infections of the nervous system: neurosyphilis, in Merritt's Neurology. Edited by Rowland LP. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2010
3.
Tichonova L, Borisenko K, Ward H, et al: Epidemics of syphilis in the Russian Federation: trends, origins, and priorities for control. Lancet 1997; 350:210–213
4.
Chen ZQ, Zhang GC, Gong XD, et al: Syphilis in China: results of a national surveillance programme. Lancet 2007; 369:132–138
5.
Zhang HL, Lin LR, Liu GL, et al: Clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis among HIV-negative patients in the modern era. Dermatology 2013; 226:148–156
6.
Hooshmand H, Escobar MR, Kopf SW: Neurosyphilis. A study of 241 patients. JAMA 1972; 219:726–729
7.
Timmermans M, Carr J: Neurosyphilis in the modern era. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:1727–1730
8.
Hart G: Syphilis tests in diagnostic and therapeutic decision making. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104:368–376
9.
Ratnam S: The laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2005; 16:45–51
10.
Castro R, Prieto ES, da Luz Martins Pereira F: Nontreponemal tests in the diagnosis of neurosyphilis: an evaluation of the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) tests. J Clin Lab Anal 2008; 22:257–261
11.
Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59(RR-12):1–110
12.
Merritt HH, Adams RD, Solomon HC: Neurosyphilis. New York: Oxford, 1946
13.
Wolters EC: Neurosyphilis: a changing diagnostic problem? Eur Neurol 1987; 26:23–28
14.
Peng F, Hu X, Zhong X, et al: CT and MR findings in HIV-negative neurosyphilis. Eur J Radiol 2008; 66:1–6
15.
Luxon L, Lees AJ, Greenwood RJ: Neurosyphilis today. Lancet 1979; 1:90–93
16.
Xiao Z, Mehrotra P, Zimmerman R: Sexual revolution in China: implications for Chinese women and society. AIDS Care 2011; 23(Suppl 1):105–112
17.
Hu S, Tang S, Liu Y, et al: Reform of how health care is paid for in China: challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2008; 372:1846–1853
18.
Adie WJ: Critical review: the pathogenesis of tabes dorsalis. J Neurol Psychopathol 1921; 2:259–265
19.
Gager WE, Israel CW, Smith JL: Presence of spirochaetes in paresis despite penicillin therapy. Br J Vener Dis 1968; 44:277–282
20.
Nicol CS: The treatment of neurosyphilis. Postgrad Med J 1953; 29:27–33
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: 20 October 2013
Revision received: 8 February 2014
Accepted: 13 February 2014
Published in print: Winter 2015
Published online: 26 February 2015
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
View Options
View options
PDF/EPUB
View PDF/EPUBGet Access
Login options
Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.
Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens loginNot a subscriber?
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).