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Published Online: 15 March 2017

Mechanism of Action for Obtaining Job Offers With Virtual Reality Job Interview Training

Matthew J. Smith, Ph.D., M.S.W., Justin D. Smith, Ph.D., Michael F. Fleming, M.D., M.P.H., Neil Jordan, Ph.D., C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D., Laura Humm, B.S., Dale Olsen, Ph.D., and Morris D. Bell, Ph.D.Authors Info & Affiliations
Publication: Psychiatric Services
Volume 68, Number 7
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600217
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Abstract

Objective:

Four randomized controlled trials revealed that virtual-reality job interview training (VR-JIT) improved interviewing skills and the odds of obtaining a job offer among trainees with severe mental illness or autism spectrum disorder. This study assessed whether postintervention interviewing skills mediated the relationship between completion of virtual interviews and receiving job offers by six-month follow-up.

Methods:

VR-JIT trainees (N=79) completed pre- and posttest mock interviews and a brief survey approximately six months later to assess whether they received a job offer.

Results:

As hypothesized, analyses indicated that the number of completed virtual interviews predicted greater posttest interviewing skills (β=.20, 95% posterior credible interval [PCI]=.08–.33), which in turn predicted trainees’ obtaining a job offer (β=.28, 95% PCI=.01–.53).

Conclusions:

VR-JIT may provide a mechanism of action that helps trainees with various psychiatric diagnoses obtain job offers in the community. Future research can evaluate the community-based effectiveness of this novel intervention.

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

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Cover: Roosting Birds, by Milton Avery, 1945. Watercolor. Victoria and Albert Museum, London. © The Milton Avery Trust/Artists Rights Society, New York City.

Psychiatric Services
Volume 68 • Number 7 • July 01, 2017
Pages: 747 - 750
PubMed: 28292223

History

Received: 12 May 2016
Revision received: 9 September 2016
Accepted: 21 October 2016
Published online: 15 March 2017
Published in print: July 01, 2017

Keywords

  1. Virtual reality training
  2. job interview skills
  3. vocational training
  4. vocational outcomes
  5. severe mental illness
  6. PTSD
  7. autism spectrum disorders

Authors

Details

Matthew J. Smith, Ph.D., M.S.W.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Justin D. Smith, Ph.D.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Michael F. Fleming, M.D., M.P.H.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Neil Jordan, Ph.D.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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C. Hendricks Brown, Ph.D.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Laura Humm, B.S.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Dale Olsen, Ph.D.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Morris D. Bell, Ph.D.
Dr. Matthew J. Smith is with the School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (email: [email protected]), and with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, where Dr. Justin D. Smith, Dr. Fleming, Dr. Jordan, and Dr. Brown are affiliated. Ms. Humm and Dr. Olsen are with SIMmersion, L.L.C., Columbia, Maryland. Dr. Bell is with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut.
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Competing Interests

Dr. Olsen and Ms. Humm are employed by and own shares in SIMmersion, L.L.C., which created the intervention from grant support provided by NIMH. Dr. Bell was paid by SIMmersion, L.L.C., as a consultant to assist with the development of virtual-reality job interview training. Dr. Bell and his family do not have a financial stake in SIMmersion, L.L.C. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

National Institute of Mental Health10.13039/100000025: R01MH040859, R01MH110524, R44MH080496
National Institute on Drug Abuse10.13039/100000026: P30DA027828
Dr. Matthew J. Smith, Dr. Justin D. Smith, and Dr. Brown were supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse grant P30 DA027828 to Dr. Brown. Dr. Olsen received a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) to develop virtual reality job interview training (R44 MH080496), and funds were subcontracted to Dr. Fleming at Northwestern University to complete the study. This study was also supported by grants from NIMH to Dr. Matthew J. Smith (R01 MH110524) and Dr. Brown (R01 MH040859).

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