A Comparative Analysis of Completed Suicide Using High Resolution Brain SPECT Imaging

In an exhaustive search of a 21,000 patient database acquired over the years 1992–2007 at four neuropsychiatric clinics, we identified 12 right-handed patients (mean age=33.8, min=19, max=64) who had sought and subsequently underwent brain SPECT imaging for depression and who, subsequent to those scans, committed suicide. These 12 constitute the experimental group. Psychiatric diagnoses were based on DSM-IV criteria and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); all were confirmed by a licensed psychiatrist. In three cases patients in this group did not complete the BDI (mean=27.5, SD=11.97); however, these patients met DSM-IV criteria for depression and received a clinical diagnosis as such from a psychiatrist. Eight of the 12 suicide patients had been off medications for appropriate washout periods at the time of their scans. The four remaining patients are described as follows: one patient was taking a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), an anticonvulsant, and an antipsychotic; one was taking an SSRI, an anticonvulsant, and a benzodiazepine; one was taking a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) and an antipsychotic; and one was taking an SNRI. The mean time from scan to suicide was 9.65 months (median=8 months, min=10 days; max=36 months). Nine of the 12 patients committed suicide within 1 year of being scanned. The relevant characteristics and comorbidity of all 12 patients who committed suicide are summarized in Table 1 .

Our nonsuicide/depressed patient group was chosen randomly from the database described above, wherein scans were acquired over the same period. Using the characteristics of the patients who committed suicide, the nonsuicide patients were pooled into 12 corresponding groups based on age, gender, and comorbidity, and one subject was randomly chosen from each group. Thus the nonsuicide patient group had exactly the same comorbidity profile as the suicide group, shown in Table 1 . All 12 nonsuicide patients completed the BDI (mean=29.6, SD=9.5). Nine of the 12 patients were scanned off medications after appropriate washout periods. The remaining three are described as follows: one patient was taking bupropion, a benzodiazepine, and an anticonvulsant; one was taking an SNRI and an antipsychotic; and one was taking an antipsychotic and an anticonvulsant.

No patients in the experimental group exhibited any neurological symptoms. All patients in this study had the procedure explained to them, at which time they gave informed written consent to have their scan and other information used in future anonymous research.

Our healthy brain comparison group likewise consisted of 12 right-handed age- and gender-matched adults. Over a 5-year interval, our comparison subjects were recruited in an institutional review board-approved study and were screened for head trauma, drug and alcohol abuse, and psychiatric (SCID), psychological (MMPI 10 ), and neurological (Shenkel’s Mental Skills Test 11 ) disorders among themselves and, via self-report, their first-degree relatives. In accordance with the aforementioned protocol, the procedure was explained to all healthy comparison subjects, who then gave informed written consent prior to their inclusion in the study.

We used SPECT to capture functional images of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a surrogate for neuronal activity. For each scan, an age- and weight-appropriate dose of technetium-99m exametazime (Ceretec) was administered intravenously. We then acquired images of photon emission using a high resolution Picker (Phillips) Prism 3000 triple-headed gamma camera with fan beam collimators over a 15-minute interval. Data were acquired in 128×128 matrices, yielding 120 images per scan with each image separated by 3° (6.6 mm) spanning 360°, and Chang attenuation correction was performed using general linear methods. All scans were acquired using the same model camera with the same fixed parameters and were processed using the same methods.

Nine of 12 suicide subjects received two scans, one at rest and one during an attention challenge, while three received only a concentration scan with no resting scan; all nonsuicide patients and healthy comparison subjects received both resting and concentration scans. In all cases the two scans were acquired between 24 and 48 hours of each other. We acquired resting images in the following manner: subjects sat upright in a quiet, dimly lit room with eyes open, with the bolus injected at 10 minutes, whereupon they sat for an additional 10 minutes postinjection. We acquired concentration images during a 15-minute computerized go/no-go task measuring omissions, commissions, and reaction time: Connor’s Continuous Performance Test. 12 Subjects sat upright in the same light with the same acclimation time as in the baseline condition. We administered the injection 3 minutes into the Connor’s Continuous Performance Test. As the tracer is fully taken up by the brain by the second minute postinjection, we thus capture a “steady-state” image of the functional brain 4–5 minutes into the Connor’s Continuous Performance Test.

We processed all images using Odyssey software, orienting transaxial slices horizontal to the AC-PC line. Coronal, sagittal, and transaxial slice images (6.6 mm apart, unsmoothed) were then rendered in the Odyssey Step-20 software, which color-grades voxels based on their relative frequencies of photon emission. Scans were then converted to Analyze format and then coregistered and normalized to a standard anatomical space using SPM2 software. In order to minimize small aberrant but statistically significant results, we smoothed scans to 8 mm ³ .

In comparing our suicide group to healthy brain comparison subjects, we adjusted all scan data for the effect of global image signal by using a Thresholded Mean Voxel Value in SPM2. We ran two different voxel-by-voxel one-tailed t tests in SPM2, one comparing nine suicide patients to healthy comparison subjects at rest (baseline), and one comparing 12 suicide patients during concentration. We then ran two additional analyses. First, we looked at only those nine patients who had received both resting and concentration scans, comparing them at concentration. Next, we looked at all 12 suicide subjects during concentration using dummy variable indicators to test whether the “concentration only” patients were significantly affecting the outcome. As our results remained robust, in addition to reporting the results from our analysis of nine resting scans, we additionally report findings from all 12 concentration scans. We then performed similar SPM2 analyses comparing nonsuicide depression patients with healthy comparison subjects and suicide with nonsuicide depression patients at both baseline and concentration, for a total of six comparisons.

In the suicide/healthy brain and nonsuicide depression/healthy brain subject comparisons, we used a significance threshold of p=0.001 (uncorrected for multiple comparisons), constraining output to retain only those significant differences comprised of a minimum of 30 contiguous voxels. We used a relative threshold mask of 80%, and voxels outside the brain were excluded from the analyses.

For the suicide/nonsuicide depression comparison, in order that we might better uncover any subtle differences between suicidal and nonsuicide depression, we relaxed the significance threshold to p<0.02. In these cases, we report uncorrected p values.

In the baseline comparison, we noted generally lower rCBF in the suicide group throughout the cortex, with no clusters of high activity vis-à-vis healthy comparison subjects. A significant area of low activity was a large contiguous 1,011-voxel cluster centered at Brodmann’s area 25, encompassing the nucleus accumbens and extending into Brodmann’s areas 11 and 47 bilaterally, and superiorly into Brodmann’s area 32 of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, into the left and right putamen. We noted clusters of decreased activity along the premotor and primary motor strips bilaterally, in the corpus callosum, mid- and posterior cingulate, and in the anterodorsal prefrontal cortex ( Table 2 ).

In the Connor’s Continuous Performance Test condition we again found lower overall rCBF, with the overall rCBF decreasing by nine percent. Further-reduced rCBF in the attentional circuitry of the suicide group vis-à-vis the healthy comparison subjects was notable, as we found bilateral deficits throughout the frontal-dorsal pathway and anterior cingulate, and a large 432-voxel deficit in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. However, certain areas were attenuated at concentration: the subgenual deficit, while still present, was only 770 voxels and did not extend to Brodmann’s area 47; the brainstem deficits were not present ( Figure 1 ); and mild increases in the occipital lobes were noted ( Table 3 )

During the baseline condition we found a 55-voxel cluster of increased right cerebellar rCBF in the nonsuicide depression group relative to healthy comparison subjects. Large clusters of decreased rCBF were found throughout the brain, particularly in the frontal and frontolimbic regions, including a 1,941-voxel left hemisphere deficit extending from the rostral anterior cingulate (Brodmann’s areas 24, 32) ventrally to the medial and inferior frontal gyri (Brodmann’s areas 11, 47). Also notable were large interhemispheric deficits in the midbrain (1,275 voxels) and posterior cingulate (770 voxels), and bilateral deficits throughout the frontal lobes ( Table 4 ).

During the Connor’s Continuous Performance Test condition we again found mostly low rCBF in the nonsuicide depression group; however, we note a 42% rCBF attenuation across the brain. Here we noted large frontal deficits bilaterally in Brodmann’s areas 9 and 10. Similar to what we found at rest were interhemispheric deficits in the rostral anterior cingulate gyrus which extended into the medial prefrontal cortex. However, this deficit was likewise greatly attenuated ( Table 5 ).

In the baseline condition we found hemispheric asymmetries in rCBF, with the suicide group showing significantly higher perfusion in the right hemisphere with no relative rCBF deficits. The largest cluster of high suicide rCBF was a 241-voxel cluster centered in the right insular cortex (Brodmann’s area 13); others of interest include small clusters in the anterior cingulate gyrus (Brodmann’s area 32) and inferior parietal lobule (Brodmann’s area 40) ( Table 6 ).

During concentration we noted large left frontal lobe perfusion deficits in the suicide group. Additionally, we noted a 481-voxel cluster deficit which comprised the right thalamus, spanning ventrally into the right medial temporal lobe (Brodmann’s areas 36, 37) (Figure 2 ). Notable clusters of high rCBF were the right anterior cingulate (primarily Brodmann’s area 32, extending into 24) and left cerebellar pyramid ( Table 7 ).