Index

Ablative surgery,

365–366

Absence seizures,

151

Acalculia,

115

Acamprosate,

279, 280, 281

Acetylcholine,

25, 26, 145

Achromatopsia,

120, 122

Acquired demyelination,

251

Acquired hepatocerebral degeneration,

217

Acquired stuttering,

113

Acute adrenocortical insufficiency,

308–309, 310

Acute dystonia,

229

Addiction, neurobiology of,

274–275

Addison’s disease,

308

Adenosine receptor antagonists,

208

Adrenocortical insufficiency,

308–309, 310, 312

Aducanumab,

189

Affect, and depression or mania,

42, 44.See also Emotions; Mood

Age, and stroke,

233, 237–238.See also Children; Older adults

Age of onset, of PD,

205

Aggression

differential diagnosis of,

63–64

TBI and,

269

Agitation, and dementia,

190, 201–202

Agnosias,

124–127

Agranulocytosis,

345, 346

Agraphia,

108–109, 168

AIDS, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy,

260See also HIV

Akathisia,

229, 344

Akinesia,

229, 344

Akinetic mutism,

96

Alcohol use disorder (AUD), and alcoholism,

144, 273–274, 279, 280, 281.See also Substance abuse

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),

275–276

Alexias,

108–109

Alice in Wonderland syndrome,

53

Alternative psychosis,

159–160

Alzheimer’s disease

antipsychotics and,

347

brain imaging and,

187

dementia and,

181, 183–185, 188, 189

pathological and neurochemical changes in,

186

treatment of,

189

Amantadine,

208, 209, 258

Ambulatory monitoring, and electroencephalography,

15

American Academy of Neurology,

157, 211

American Epilepsy Society,

158

Amnesia,

144, 145–146.See also Anterograde amnesia; Dissociative amnesia; Posttraumatic amnesia; Psychogenic amnesias; Retrograde amnesia; Transient global amnesia

Amoxapine,

161

Amusia,

110, 136

Amygdala

addiction and,

275

ASD and,

288

essential neuroanatomy and,

26, 27

memory and,

144

Amyloid PET, and dementia,

178, 180

Amyloid plaques, and Alzheimer’s disease,

185

Angelman syndrome,

47

Angular gyrus syndrome,

116

Anomic aphasia,

106, 107, 168

Anosodiaphoria,

130

Anosognosia,

7, 50, 129–130, 136

Anoxia,

144

Anterior capsulotomy,

366

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),

248, 366–367

Anterior temporal lobectomy, and epilepsy,

162, 163

Anterograde amnesia,

37, 143

Anticholinergics, and PD,

208, 209

Anticoagulation therapy, and stroke,

238

Anticonvulsant(s)

clinical applications of,

350, 351–354

drug–drug interactions and,

356

electroencephalography and,

13

pharmacokinetics of,

355–357

psychiatric risk of in patients with epilepsy,

160, 161

Anticonvulsant-induced chorea,

217

Antidepressants

.See also Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tetracyclic antidepressants; Tricyclic antidepressants; Unicyclic antidepressants

ASD and,

294

drug interactions and,

343

novel forms of,

341–342

for psychiatric symptoms in epilepsy patients,

158–159, 161

serotonin augmenting agents and,

340–341

side effects of,

342, 343

Anti-LG11 encephalitis,

320–321

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis,

227, 320

Antipholipid antibody syndrome,

217

Antipsychotics

.See also Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders

ASD and,

293–294

Huntington’s disease and,

218

indications for,

347

older patients with dementia and,

241–242

parkinsonism and,

215

PD and,

212

pharmacokinetics of,

344

side effects of,

344, 345, 346–347

tic syndromes and,

222

typical and atypical forms of,

343–344

Anton’s syndrome,

50, 123

Anxiety, and anxiety disorders ASD and,

290

differential diagnosis of,

53–55

epilepsy and,

155, 159

hypothyroidism and,

303

left-brain lesions and,

137

multiple sclerosis and,

257

PD and,

210

stroke and,

239, 240

Apathy

dementia and,

190, 202

frontal-subcortical circuits and,

30

medial frontal syndrome and,

95–96

PD and,

210–211

personality change and,

59, 60

stroke and,

239, 241

TBI and,

269

Apathy Evaluation Scale,

241

Aphasia,

105–108, 137, 184.See also Transcortical aphasia

Aphemia,

112

Apperceptive visual agnosia,

126

Applied behavior analysis (ABA),

292

Apractic agraphia,

109

Apraxia,

113–115, 130, 137

Aprosodia,

94, 109–110

Arcuate fasciculus,

31, 33

Aripiprazole,

345

Arteriovenous malformations,

237

Ashton Manual,

278

Asomatagnosia,

50

Assessment

.See also Diagnosis; Screening

aphasias and,

108

of ASD,

288, 289

brain imaging and,

15–21

of cerebrovascular disease,

236

of dementia,

178–180

electroencephalography and,

12–15

of FNSD,

70–71, 75, 77

frontal lobe syndromes and,

87–89, 90–97

initial observations and,

2–4

of mutism,

111

neurological examination and,

8, 9–10

neuropsychological testing and,

4–8

of TBI,

267

Associative visual agnosia,

126–127

Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI),

324, 325

Ataxia,

222–224

Ataxic dysarthrias,

111

Atherothrombotic occlusion,

234, 235

Attention

.See also Cognitive impairment

assessment and span of,

6

delirium and,

168

dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome and,

93–94

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

294

Atypical parkinsonism,

213–215

Auditory hallucinations,

53, 241

Auditory neglect,

128

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD),

285–295

Autistic-like traits,

287

Autoimmune disorders,

46, 252, 259

Automatisms, and epilepsy,

151

Autonomic disturbances, and anxiety,

54

Autosomal dominant ataxia, and autosomal recessive ataxia,

223

Babinski sign,

94

Balance difficulties, and TBI,

270

Balint’s syndrome,

120, 123

Baltic myoclonus,

153

Barbiturates,

347

Basal ganglia,

29–30, 205, 207, 274–275

Bear-Fedio Inventory,

157

Beck Depressive Inventory,

255

Bedside mental state testing,

5–6

Behavior

.See also Aggression; Agitation; Apathy; Disinhibition; Irritability; Repetitive behaviors; Schizoid behavior; Self-injurious behavior; Sexual behavior; Social behavior

brain regions and,

37–39

Huntington’s disease and,

216

stroke and,

239

TBI and,

268–269

Behavioral neurology, and brain-behavior relationships,

37–39.See also Assessment; Diagnosis; Interventional psychiatry; Neuroanatomy; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Treatment; specific disorders

Behavioral therapy, for TBI,

267

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD),

192

Bells Test,

127–128

Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes,

152

Benign familial chorea,

217

Benzodiazepines,

227, 257, 276–278, 348, 349

Beta-blockers,

307

Binswanger disease,

261

Bipolar depression,

342

Bipolar disorder,

158, 240, 256–257, 302.See also Mania Biopsychological formulation epilepsy and,155

FNSD and,

75, 77

Blindness, and visuoperceptual disorders,

120–122

Body-spatial disorientation,

130–131

Botulinum toxin, and dystonia,

220

Bradykinesia, and PD,

206

Brain

.See also Brain tumors; Left hemisphere; Neuroanatomy; Right hemisphere

brain-behavior relationships,

37–39

depression and disorders of,

43, 44

evolution and vulnerability of to ischemic injury,

233

hemispheric specialization and cerebral dominance,

103–105

HIV and,

323

network organization of,

34, 36

repetitive behaviors and dysfunction of,

57–58

Brain imaging

.See also Computed tomography; Electroencephalography; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography

addiction and,

274

assessment and,

15–21

dementia and,

178, 179, 187–188

Brain tumors,

245–249.See also Cerebral tumors

Brief neurological screening examination,

9–10

Broca’s aphasia,

106, 107

Broca’s area,

37

Bromosis,

50

Buccal-lingual apraxia,

114

Buprenorphine,

281–282

Bupropion,

161, 211, 341

Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale,

225

Buspirone,

349

Butterfly glioma,

245–246

California Encephalitis Project,

315

Callosal apraxia,

114, 115, 116

Cancer. See Brain tumors; Neoplastic disorders

Capgras syndrome,

49, 136, 148

Carbamazepine,

351, 355

Cardiac side effects, of antipsychotics,

345, 346

Cardiopulmonary disease, and delirium,

171

Cardiovascular symptoms, of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism,

303, 307

Caregivers, and Alzheimer’s disease,

188

Case example

of delirium,

173–174

of limbic encephalitis,

316–317

Catatonia,

225, 226, 227, 228, 291

Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors,

208

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale,

239

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services,

368

Central nervous system (CNS)

metastatic disease and,

246

neuropsychiatric syndromes and tumors of,

247–248

pharmacotherapy and,

336

white-matter disorders and,

251

Cerebellum,

36, 288

Cerebral cortex, and essential neuroanatomy,

31–36

Cerebral dominance,

103–105

Cerebral emboli,

234, 235

Cerebral palsy,

217

Cerebral surgery, and epilepsy,

162, 163

Cerebral tumors,

146, 163.See also Brain tumors

Cerebral venous thrombosis,

237

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF),

180, 185

Cerebrovascular disease-stroke,

233–243.See also Stroke

Charles Bonnet syndrome,

50

Chelation therapies,

294

Children, and epilepsy,

153.See also Age; Developmental conditions; Developmental delay

Chlordiazepoxide,

348

Chlorpromazine,

345

Cholinesterase inhibitors,

195

Choreas, differential diagnosis of,

217, 218–219

Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis,

302, 304

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE),

194, 216See also Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome

Cingulate gyrus,

27, 29

Clobazam,

348, 351

Clock-drawing tests,

128, 169

Clomipramine,

161

Clonazepam,

348, 351

Clorazepate,

348

Clothing, and body-spatial disorientation,

130–131

Clozapine,

161, 196, 344, 345

CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research study,

325

Cognitive-behavioral therapy FNSD and,

78

multiple sclerosis and,

256

substance use disorders and,

278

Cognitive impairment

.See also Attention; Cognitive rehabilitation; Memory

anxiety and,

53

bedside mental state testing and,

5–6

depression and,

42

ECT and,

364

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and,

324

Huntington’s disease and,

216

hypercortisolemia and,

310–311

hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism,

303, 307

lateral orbitofrontal syndrome and,

95

mania and,

44–45

medial frontal syndrome and,

96

multiple sclerosis and,

257

OCD and,

55

PD and,

206

TBI and,

268

visuospatial disorders and,

134–135

Cognitive rehabilitation

HIV-related neurocognitive disorders and,

329

TBI and,

267

Color blindness,

120, 122, 124, 125

Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART),

323, 324, 327–328, 330

Comorbidity, of psychiatric disorders

epilepsy and,

155

FNSD and,

71

multiple sclerosis and,

254–259

OCD and,

55

Comprehension, of spoken language,

105, 107

Compulsivity, and addiction,

275

Computed tomography (CT),

15, 16, 18–19, 20, 108

Concussion,

265.See also Poststroke syndrome

Conduction aphasia,

106, 115, 116

Confabulation,

143, 145

Constructional ability, and assessment,

7

Constructional disorders,

131–134

Contingent negative variation (CNV),

14–15

Continuous performance tasks,

93–94

Control, delusions of,

50

Conversion reaction, and blindness,

121

Copying deficits, and constructional disorders,

132–133

Copying tasks, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

91

Corpus callosum,

31

Cortical blindness,

120, 122–123

Corticobasal degeneration (CBD),

181, 183, 186, 187, 193–194

Corticobasal syndrome,

213–214

Cortisol, and depression,

42

Cotard’s syndrome,

49

Coup contrecoup,

265

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,

198–199

Cursive seizures,

151

Cushing’s syndrome,

310

Cytochrome P450 system,

336–337

Dacrystic seizures,

46

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

behavioral neurology and,

36, 39

epilepsy and,

162, 163

interventional psychiatry and,

366–367

PD and,

209

Default network, of cerebral cortex,

34, 36

Degenerative disorders, and frontal lobes,

98

Dehydration, and delirium,

171

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA),

309

Delirium

definition of,

167

dementia and,

174

diagnosis of,

170, 172

HIV/AIDS and,

329

hypocortisolemia and,

309

mental status examination and,

168–169

neurological examination and,

169

pathophysiology of,

169–170

prevention and treatment of,

172–174

types of,

167–168

Delusion(s)

assessment and,

3, 4

differential diagnosis of,

48

DLB and,

195

right-brain dysfunction and,

136

stroke and,

241

types of,

49–50

Delusional jealousy,

49

Delusional misidentification syndromes,

148

Delusional parasitosis,

50

Dementia

.See also Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies; Frontotemporal dementias; Parkinson’s disease

assessment of,

178–180

definition of,

177

delirium and,

174

differential diagnosis of,

180–183

ECT for,

365

treatment of,

199, 201–202, 241–242

types of,

192–199

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

antipsychotics and,

347

brain imaging and,

187

clinical features of,

214–215

differential diagnosis of,

182, 183

pathological and neurochemical changes,

186, 194–196

Dementia with Lewy Bodies Consortium (2017),

214

Demyelinating disorders,

98, 200

Depersonalization,

59, 61–62

Depression

.See also Bipolar depression

ablative surgery for,

365–366

ASD and,

289–291

brain tumors and,

248

DBS and,

366–367

dementia and,

190, 202

differential diagnosis of,

41–44

ECT and,

363–364

epilepsy and,

155, 157

hypothyroidism and,

303, 305

left-brain lesions and,

137

PD and,

210

right-brain dysfunction and,

136

stroke and,

239–240, 242–243

TMS and,

362–363, 364

VNS for,

368

Derealization,

59, 61–62

Dermatological symptoms, of endocrine disorders,

303, 314

Design fluency test,

92, 134–135

Deutetrabenazine,

218, 222

Developmental conditions, and mutism,

112.See also Neurodevelopmental disorders

Developmental delay, and assessment,

8

Dexamethasone suppression test,

42, 312

Diagnosis

.See also Assessment; Differential diagnosis

basis of neuropsychiatric,

41

of bipolar depression,

342

of delirium,

170, 172

of FNSD,

67

of hypercortisolemia,

311–312

of hyperthyroidism,

308

of hypocortisolemia,

309

of hypothyroidism,

304

of limbic encephalitis,

317–318

of multiple sclerosis,

252, 253

of substance use disorder,

275–278

Diaschisis, and brain network functions,

36, 39

Diazepam,

348

Diet, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

338

Differential diagnosis

.See also Assessment; Diagnosis

of aggressive behavior,

63–64

of altered sexual behavior and paraphilic disorders,

62–63

of anxiety,

53–55

of brain tumors,

247

of catatonia,

228

of chorea,

217

of delusions,

48

of dementia,

180–183

of depression,

41–44

of dissociative disorders,

59, 61–62

of FNSD,

70–71, 75, 77

of hallucinations and illusions,

48–53

of HIV neurocognitive disorders,

328, 329–330

of limbic encephalitis,

318–319

of mania,

44–45

of mood and affect lability,

45–47

of mutism,

112

of OCD,

55–59

of personality change,

59, 60–61

of psychosis,

47–48

Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI),

17

Digit span test,

93–94

Direct electrical stimulation, of neural tissue,

37–39

Disability, and FNSD,

79

Disconnection syndromes,

116

Discontinuation syndrome, and tricyclic antidepressants,

340

Disinhibition

dementia and,

190, 192

frontal-subcortical circuits and,

30

lateral orbitofrontal syndrome and,

95

personality change in neurological disorders,

60

Dissociative amnesia,

59, 147

Dissociative disorders, differential diagnosis of,

61–62, 69

Disulfiram,

280, 281

Donepezil,

189

Dopamine, clinical relevance of,

25, 26.See also Dopamine receptors Dopamine agonists,208, 212–213

Dopamine receptors, and antipsychotics,

344

Dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

60, 87–88, 90–94

Drawing abnormalities,

132, 133–134

Dressing disturbances,

130–131, 136

Drug-induced parkinsonism,

215

DSM-5, and criteria for

ASD,

285, 286

delirium,

170

FNSD,

67

major depressive episodes,

41–42

manic episodes,

45

psychiatric disorders comorbid with epilepsy,

155

PTSD,

54

somatic symptom disorder,

67

substance use disorder,

276, 277

Dysarthria,

110–111

Dysmnesic states,

148

Dysmyelination,

251

Dysphagia,

111

Dystonic disorders,

219–220

Dystonic dysarthrias,

111

Echolalia,

113

Edentulous dyskinesia,

217

Education, on TBI,

267

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

ASD and,

295

catatonia and,

227

interventional psychiatry and,

363–364, 365

multiple sclerosis and,

256

for patients with epilepsy,

161

for patients with post-stroke depression,

242–243

Electroencephalography (EEG)

assessment and,

12–15

delirium and,

170, 172

limbic encephalitis and,

317–318

Emotions

.See also Affect; Mood anxiety and,53

right-brain dysfunction and,

137

TBI and,

268

Encephalitis. See also Anti-LG11 encephalitis; Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis; Herpes simplex encephalitis; Limbic encephalitis; NMDA receptor encephalitis

memory disorders and,

146

temporal lobe disorders and,

163–164

Endocannabinoid,

25

Endocrine disorders, and depression,

42.See also Hypercortisolemia; Hyperthyroidism; Hypocortisolemia; Hypothyroidism

Environmental agnosia,

120, 124, 125

Environmental dependence, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

94

Environmental recognition,

136

Epidemiology

of alcohol use disorder,

273–274

of ASD,

285–286

of epilepsy,

151, 155

of FNSD,

68

of PD,

205

Epilepsia partialis continua,

152

Epilepsy. See also Temporal lobe epilepsy

affect abnormalities and,

46–47

description of syndromes,

151–154

ECT for,

365

electroencephalography and,

14

epidemiology of,

151, 155

FNSD and,

69, 71

memory and,

144

psychiatric disorders and,

154–160

TBI and,

271

treatment of,

161–163

Episodic ataxia,

223

Erotomanic (de Clerambault syndrome) delusions,

49

Esketamine,

342

Estrogen, and hyperthyroidism,

306

Ethosuximide,

351

European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS),

325, 326–327

Evoked potentials, and electroencephalography,

14–15

Executive aprosodia,

136

Executive function

assessment and,

7

dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome and,

90

frontal-subcortical circuits and,

30

Executive prosody,

109–110

Expressive aphasia,

94

Expressive language,

7

Extended amygdala,

29

Extrapyramidal reactions (EPRs), and antipsychotics,

344, 345, 347

Eyes, and hyperthyroidism,

307.See also Visual hallucinations

Facial discrimination defects,

136

Facial recognition, and prosopagnosia,

125–126

Family history, and assessment,

7

Fatigue

multiple sclerosis and,

257–258

PD and,

211

Felbamate,

352

Finger agnosia,

116, 125

Flaccid dysarthrias,

110

Fluent aphasias,

105

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR),

17

Flumazenil,

349

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging, and dementia,

178

Fluoxetine,

159

Flurazepam,

348

Focal seizures,

151, 152, 153

Folie á deux,

49

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

279

Forced normalization,

159–160

4-Aminopyridine,

224

Fregoli syndrome,

49, 148

Freud, Sigmund,

69

Frontal alexia,

108

Frontal cortex,

288

Frontal lobe(s). See also Frontal lobe syndromes

assessment and,

7

diseases of,

97–100

dysfunction associated with white matter injury,

97

memory function and,

144–145

neuroanatomy and,

31, 33, 85–86

tumors of,

248

Frontal lobe syndromes,

86, 87–89, 97, 99–100.See also Dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome; Lateral orbitofrontal syndrome; Medical frontal syndrome

Frontal-subcortical circuits, and emotional behavior,

30

Frontotemporal dementias (FTDs),

55, 181, 183, 186, 187, 192–194

Fugues,

59, 147

Functional-anatomical networks, and cerebral cortex,

34, 35

Functional behavior analysis,

292

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),

34, 162

Functional neurological symptoms disorder (FNSD),

67–79

GABA, clinical relevance of,

25, 26

GABA agonists,

349

Gabapentin,

353, 355

Gait. See also Motor symptoms

FNSD and,

75, 78

frontal white matter and,

97

Galantamine,

189

Ganser syndrome,

147, 148

Gastaut syndrome,

152, 153, 156–157

Gastrointestinal disturbances

delirium and,

171

hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism,

303, 307

Gaze deviation, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

94

Gelastic seizures,

46, 151

Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7,

159

Generalized seizures,

151, 152, 153

Genetic syndromes

aggressive behavior and,

64

ataxia and,

223

ASD and,

286–287

dementia and,

200

epilepsy and,

154

white matter diseases and,

252

Genetic testing, and dementia,

178

Gerstmann syndrome,

115–116, 125

Geste antagoniste,

219–220

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),

265, 266

Glial cells, and composition of brain,

23–24

Gliomas,

245, 246

Global aphasia,

106, 107

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease),

261

Glucocorticoids,

310

Glutamate, clinical relevance of,

25

Goal management training (GMT),

97, 99

Go-no go test,

91, 96

Gradient echo sequence, and magnetic resonance imaging,

17

Gramophone syndrome,

113

Grandiose delusions,

49

Graves’ disease,

306

Gustatory hallucinations,

53

Hallucinations. See also Visual hallucinations

assessment and,

3–4

definition of,

48

differential diagnosis of,

48–53

DLB and,

214

stroke and,

241

visuoperceptual disorders and,

122

Haloperidol,

294, 345

Hamartomas,

163

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,

239, 256, 368

Handedness, and cerebral dominance,

104–105

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

302, 304, 305

Headaches. See also Migraines

brain tumors and,

247

TBI and,

270

Head injury. See Traumatic brain injury

Heautoscopy (autoscopy),

49

Hematological disorders, and stroke,

237

Hemialexia,

108

Hemispatial neglect, and visuospatial attention,

127

Hemispheric specialization,

103–105.See also Left hemisphere; Right hemisphere

Hemorrhagic strokes,

234, 235

Hepatic enzymes, and anticonvulsants,

356

Herpes simplex (HSV-1) encephalitis,

144, 318–319

Hippocampus,

26, 27, 144, 146

HIV, effects of on brain,

323.See also AIDS

HIV-associated dementia (HAD),

324, 325

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs),

324–329

HIV Dementia Scale,

325

Homonymous hemianopsia,

120, 122

Hooper Visual Organization Test,

134

Hormones, and pituitary damage,

270.See also Endocrine disorders

Hospital(s), and hospitalization catatonia and,

227

prevalence of delirium in,

167

Hospital Elder Life Program,

172

Huntington’s disease,

216–218

Hydrocephalus, and dementia,

200

Hydrocortisone,

310

Hyperactive type, of delirium,

167–168

Hypercortisolemia,

310–312

Hyperesthesia,

4

Hyperkalemia, and delirium,

171

Hyperkinetic dysarthrias,

111

Hypernatremia, and delirium,

171

Hypersexuality,

62, 137

Hypertension, and cerebrovascular disease,

234

Hyperthyroidism,

171, 217, 306–308

Hypocortisolemia,

308–310

Hypomania,

45, 46

Hypomyelination,

251

Hypnosis, and FNSD,

71

Hypoactive type, of delirium,

167–168

Hypoglycemia,

144, 171

Hypokinetic dysarthrias,

111

Hyposexuality,

62, 136, 137

Hypothalamus,

27

Hypothyroidism,

171, 301–305

Hypsarrhythmia,

153–154

Hysterical dementia,

148

Ictal aggression,

64

Ictal hallucinations,

50

Ictal syndrome,

156

Ideational apraxia,

115

Ideomotor apraxias,

114, 115

Illusions. See Hallucinations

Immune disorders, and epilepsy,

154See also Autoimmune disorders; HIV; Immunosuppression; Immunotherapy

Immune reconstitution

inflammatory syndrome,

329

Immunosuppression

limbic encephalitis and,

320

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

260

Immunotherapy, for multiple sclerosis,

254.See also Combination antiretroviral therapy

Impulse-control disorders, and PD,

212

Impulsivity, and addiction,

275

Incubus syndrome,

49

Infectious disorders. See also Encephalitis

dementia and,

199, 200

epilepsy and,

154, 163

frontal lobes and,

99

mania or hypomania and,

46

stroke and,

237

white matter diseases and,

252

Inflammatory disorders

dementia and,

199, 200

depression and,

43

epilepsy and,

157

frontal lobes and,

99

myoclonus and,

225

white matter diseases and,

252

Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale,

326–327

Integrase strand transfer inhibitors,

327–328

Interictal syndrome,

156

Intermetamorphosis,

49

International HIV Dementia Scale,

325

International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE),

75, 151–152, 154, 316, 355

Interventional psychiatry, approaches to and modalities of,

361–362.See also Ablative surgery; Deep brain stimulation; Electroconvulsive therapy; Theta burst stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Vagus nerve stimulation

Intracerebral hemorrhage,

234, 235

Involuntary emotional expression disorder,

45

Irritability

Huntington’s disease and,

216

personality change in neurological disorders and,

60

TBI and,

268

Ischemic strokes,

234, 235

I WATCH DEATH mnemonic,

172, 173

Janz syndrome,

153

John Cunningham (JC) virus,

260

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy,

153

Kernicterus,

217

Ketamine,

341–342

Kleine-Levin syndrome,

60, 62

Klüver-Bucy syndrome,

60, 62, 63, 163

Koro,

50

Korsakoff’s syndrome,

145

Laboratory tests

assessment of neuropsychological function and,

8, 10

delirium and,

170

dementia and,

178, 179

multiple sclerosis and,

253

Lacosamide,

353

Lafora disease,

153

Lamotrigine,

353, 355

Language. See also Aphasia; Mutism; Speech

assessment and,

7

Broca’s area of brain and,

37

comprehension of,

105, 107

left-brain lesions and,

137

right-hemisphere injuries and,

135

Lateralization, and brain-behavior relationships,

37

Lateral orbitofrontal syndrome,

95

Learning, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

90

Left hemisphere, of brain,

104, 137, 240

Left spatial neglect,

136

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome,

154

Letter fluency task,

96

Leukoaraiosis,

260–261

Leukodystrophies,

261

Levetiracetam,

188, 320, 353, 356

Levodopa,

207, 208, 217

Lifestyle, and Alzheimer’s disease,

188

Limbic encephalitis (LE),

315–321

Limbic leucotomy,

366

Limbic system, and neuroanatomy,

24, 26–29

Limb-kinetic apraxia,

114

Line bisection test, for visual neglect,

127

Linguistic agraphias,

108

Lithium,

302, 349–350

Localization, and brain-behavior relationships,

37

Locked-in syndrome,

96

Locus coeruleus,

27

Logoclonia,

113

Long-term memory,

141, 142, 144

Lorazepam,

227, 349

Lumbar puncture,

12, 180

Lurasidone,

345

Lycanthropy,

49

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See also Functional magnetic resonance imaging

aphasia and,

108

assessment and,

15, 17, 18–19, 20

Magnetoencephalography,

15

Major depressive disorder (MDD),

248, 254–255

Major neurocognitive disorder,

177

Mammillary bodies,

27

Mania

differential diagnosis of,

44–45

epilepsy and,

157

neurological disorders associated with,

46

right-brain dysfunction and,

135–136

stroke and,

239, 240

Maprotiline,

161

Map reading, and body-spatial disorientation,

131

McDonald criteria, and multiple sclerosis,

253

Mechanical agraphias,

109

Medial frontal syndrome,

61, 89, 95–96

Medical conditions. See also Cardiopulmonary disease; Cardiovascular symptoms; Cerebrovascular disease-stroke; Gastrointestinal disturbances; Infectious disorders; Neoplastic disorders

FNSD and,

71

mutism and,

112

Medulloblastomas,

246

Melatonin,

294

Memantine,

189

Memory. See also Amnesia; Cognitive impairment

Alzheimer’s disease and,

184

assessment and,

7

delirium and,

168–169

disorders of in clinical practice,

145–146

dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome and,

90

dysmnesic states and,

148

neuroanatomy of,

143–145

systems of,

141, 142, 143

tests of function,

148, 149

visuospatial disorders and,

134–135

Meningiomas,

245, 246, 248

Mental rotation tests,

134

Mental status examination,

5–6, 132, 168–169

Metabolic disorders

delirium and,

171

dementia and,

199, 200

epilepsy and,

154

myoclonus and,

225

stroke and,

237

white matter diseases and,

252

Metachromatic leukodystrophy,

261

Methadone,

282

Methamphetamine, and HIV,

330

Methylphenidate,

211

Methylprednisolone,

320

Michigan Alcohol Screening Test,

276

Migraines,

52–53, 237

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI),

177, 184, 209–210

Mild neurocognitive disorder (MND),

324, 325

Mild TBI,

265

Mineralocorticoid,

310

Mini-Mental State Examination,

325

Mirror agnosia,

49

Mirtazapine,

341

Misidentification syndromes, and types of delusions,

49, 136

Misoplegia,

130

Mixed type, of delirium,

168

Mnemonics, and delirium,

172, 173

Moclobemide,

338

Modafinil,

211, 258

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

161, 208–209, 337–340

Monocular blindness,

120–122

Montreal Cognitive Assessment,

325

Mood. See also Affect; Emotions; Mood disorders

assessment and,

4

depression and changes in,

42

lability of,

45–47

lateral orbitofrontal syndrome and,

95

mania and changes in,

44

medial frontal syndrome and,

95–96

OCD and changes in,

55

Mood disorders. See also Depression

epilepsy and,

157–159

neuropsychiatric aspects of,

254–256

Mood stabilizers,

45, 294.See also Lithium

Moria,

47, 61

Mortality, and post-stroke depression with psychosis,

241

Motivation, depression and alterations in,

42

Motivational counseling, for substance use disorder,

278, 279

Motor-neglect syndromes,

128–129

Motor programming tasks, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

91–93

Motor symptoms. See also Gait; Movement disorders; Tremor

anxiety and,

53–54

assessment and,

2–3

DBS and,

366

depression and,

42

FNSD and,

74

mania and,

45

Movement disorders. See also Ataxia; Catatonia; Dystonic disorders; Huntington’s disease; Myoclonus; Parkinson’s disease; Parkinsonism; Non-Huntington’s disease choreas; Tic syndromes; Tremor

basal ganglia and,

205

limbic encephalitis and,

316

mild cognitive impairment and PD dementia,

209–210

neuroleptic-induced,

228, 229

Movement Disorders Society,

206

Multiple sclerosis,

251–259, 365

Multiple system atrophy,

182, 186, 188, 196–197, 214

Muscle weakness, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

94

Musculoskeletal symptoms, of hypothyroidism,

303

Music, and amusia,

110

Musical hallucinations,

53

Mutism,

111, 112

Myelin-oligodendrocyte glyprotein (MOG),

259

Myoclonic seizures,

151

Myoclonus,

224–225

N-acetylcysteine,

294

Naltrexone,

279, 280, 281, 282, 294

Naming, and aphasia,

107

Namzaric,

189

Narcolepsy,

53

National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2018),

273

Nefazodone,

340–341

Neoplastic disorders. See also Brain tumors

amnesia and,

144

dementia and,

201

frontal lobes and,

98

Network organization, of brain,

34, 36

Neuroacanthocytosis,

217

Neuroanatomy. See also Brain

addiction and,

275

ASD and,

287–288

basal ganglia,

29–30

cerebellum,

36

cerebral cortex,

31–36

FNSD and,

70

limbic system,

24, 26–29

memory and,

143–145

overview of,

23–24

reticular activating system,

31

visuospatial information,

119

Neurodegenerative disorders,

185, 186, 225

Neurodevelopmental disorders, and self-injurious behavior,

64

Neurofibrillary tangles, and Alzheimer’s disease,

185

Neuroleptic-induced movement disorders,

228, 229

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

345, 346

Neurological disorders. See also Functional neurological symptom disorder; Neurodegenerative disorders

aphasias and,

107–108

catatonia and,

228

delirium and,

171

delusions and,

51

mania or hypomania,

46

mood and affective lability,

47

mutism and,

112

OCD and,

56

personality changes and,

60–61

visual hallucinations and,

52

Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory,

158

Neurological examination

assessment and,

8, 9–10

delirium and,

169

FNSD and,

71, 74–75

lateral orbitofrontal syndrome and,

95

Neuromodulation,

36, 162

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO),

259

Neurons, and neuroanatomy,

23–24

Neuropsychiatric disorders

ASD and,

289–291

brain tumors and,

247–248

ECT and,

365

hypercortisolemia and hypocortisolemia,

308–310

multiple sclerosis and,

254–259

PD and,

210–213

stroke and,

238–241

TBI and,

268–271

Neuropsychiatry. See Assessment; Behavioral neurology; Diagnosis; Interventional psychiatry; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Treatment; specific disorders

Neuropsychological testing

dementia and,

178

assessment and,

4–8, 11

visuospatial disorders and,

134

Neuroreceptors, and clinical relevance,

25

Neurostimulation

.See Responsive neurostimulation

Neurosurgery, and mania and,

46See also Ablative surgery

Neurotransmitters. See also Dopamine; Serotonin

delirium and,

170

epilepsy and,

157

essential neuroanatomy and,

24, 26

Neurovegetative features, of depression or mania,

42, 45

NMDA antagonist. See Amantadine

NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis,

315

Nonfluent aphasia,

105

Nonfluent variant of primary progressive aphasia (nfPPA),

181, 186, 187, 192–193

Non-Huntington’s disease choreas,

218–219

Noninvasive stimulation therapies, and FNSD,

78–79.See also Electroconvulsive therapy; Theta burst stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors,

327–328

Nonverbal amnesia,

136

Norepinephrine, clinical relevance of,

25, 26

Normal pressure hydrocephalus,

198

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors,

327–328

Nucleus accumbens,

27, 29

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

ablative surgery for,

365–366

ASD and,

290

DBS and,

366

differential diagnosis of,

55–59

rTMS and,

99, 363

Olanzapine,

161, 345

Older adults. See also Age

antipsychotics for,

241–242, 347

hypothyroidism and,

301

Olfactory hallucinations,

53

Oligodendroglias,

246

Omega-3 fatty acids,

294

Opioid(s), and substance abuse,

276, 281–282

Opioid receptor, clinical relevance of,

25

Optic nerve, and blindness,

121–122

Oral contraceptives, and anticonvulsants,

356

Orbitofrontal syndromes,

61, 88, 248See also Lateral orbitofrontal syndrome

Orthostatic hypotension, and antipsychotics,

345

Oxazepam,

349

Oxcarbazepine,

353, 356

Oxytocin,

294

Pain, and delirium,

171

Palilalia,

113

Palinopsia,

136, 137

Panayiotopoulos syndrome,

152, 153

Panic disorder, and epilepsy,

155

Parahippocampal gyrus,

26–27

Paraictal symptoms, and epilepsy,

156

Parallel distributed processing (PDP),

37

Paraphasias,

105

Paraphilic disorders,

62–63

Parietal apraxia,

114, 115

Parkinsonism,

213, 229.See also Atypical parkinsonism; Druginduced parkinsonism; Secondary parkinsonism

Parkinson’s disease (PD)

antipsychotics and,

347

anxiety and,

54

brain imaging and,

188

clinical features of,

206–207

DBS and,

366

dementia and,

182, 186, 196, 209–210

ECT for,

365

epidemiology of,

205

neuropsychiatric disorders and,

210–213

pathology of,

207

treatment of,

207–209

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),

239, 256

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS),

221

Peduncular hallucinations,

52

Peptide, clinical relevance of,

25

Perampanel,

353

Perception, and visuospatial processing,

119–120

Persecutory delusions,

50

Personality change

differential diagnosis of,

59, 60–61

epilepsy and,

156–157

Pharmacotherapy. See also Anticonvulsants; Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Mood stabilizers; Sedative-hypnotics; Treatment

for Alzheimer’s disease,

189

for ASD,

293–294

classification system for psychotropic drugs,

338

cytochrome P450

system and,

336–337

for dementia,

190–191, 195–196, 201–202

FNSD and,

78

for PD,

208, 211–212

stroke induced by,

237

for substance use disorders,

279–282

therapeutic drug monitoring and,

335–336

Phenelzine,

337

Phenobarbital,

352

Phenytoin,

352, 355

Phosphenes,

121

Physical therapy, and FNSD,

78

Physiological dependence, and substance use disorder,

276–278

Pimavanserin,

195, 196, 211, 347

Pituitary ACTH-producing tumors,

312

Planning abilities, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

91

Plasma markers, for Alzheimer’s disease,

185

Polycythemia vera,

217

Polysomnography,

270

Poriomania,

59, 61

Positron emission tomography (PET),

15, 20–21, 55

Post-concussive syndrome,

271

Postictal symptoms, and epilepsy,

64, 156, 160

Posttraumatic amnesia (PTA),

141, 143

Posttraumatic parkinsonism,

216

Posttraumatic pituitary dysfunction,

270

Posttraumatic psychosis,

269

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),

54

Precipitating factors. See also Risk factors

for delirium,

170, 171

FNSD and,

75, 77

Prednisone,

310, 312

Prefrontal cortex,

33, 275

Pregabalin,

353, 355

Preictal symptoms, and epilepsy,

156

Prevalence. See Epidemiology

Prevention, of delirium,

172

Primary acalculia,

137

Primary brain injury,

265

Primary motor cortex,

31

Primary progressive form, of multiple sclerosis,

254

Primidone,

352

Prognostic factors, and outcome of FNSD,

79

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML),

259–260

Progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) syndromes,

153, 225

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP),

181, 183, 186, 187, 193, 213

Prosody,

109

Prosopagnosia,

120, 124, 125–126, 136

Protease inhibitors,

327–328

Protective factors, and Alzheimer’s disease,

184

Pseudobulbar affect,

45–46, 47, 241, 258, 268

Pseudodementia,

42, 148

Psychiatric disorders. See also Anxiety; Comorbidity; Depression; Neuropsychiatric disorders; Psychosis; specific disorders

catatonia and,

228

epilepsy and,

154–160

Psychogenic amnesia,

147–148

Psychogenic fugue,

59

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES),

67, 68, 69, 70, 72–73, 75, 76, 77–79, 271

Psychosis, and psychotic disorders

anticonvulsants and,

355

ASD and,

291

dementia and,

190, 202, 211, 214

differential diagnosis of,

47–48

epilepsy and,

155, 159–160

left-brain lesions and,

137

multiple sclerosis and,

257

PD and,

211–212, 347

right-brain dysfunction and,

136

stroke and,

240–241

Psychosocial treatment, of substance use disorder,

278–279, 281

Psychotherapy. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Motivational counseling

for depression,

44

for FNSD,

78

for TBI,

267

P300 wave, and electroencephalography,

14, 15

Quetiapine,

195, 196, 211–212, 345

Rabbit syndrome,

229

Radioactive iodine,

307–308

Raphe,

27

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and electroencephalography,

13–14

Rasagiline,

339

Rasmussen’s syndrome,

152

Reading comprehension, and aphasia,

107

Receptive aprosodia,

136

Receptive language,

7

Receptive prosody,

109

Reduplicative paramnesia,

49, 135, 148

Reference, delusions of,

50

Reflex epilepsies,

154

Reiterative speech disturbances,

111, 113

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis,

253–254

Release hallucinations,

50

Repetitive behaviors

aphasia and,

107

dementia and,

191, 202

differential diagnosis of,

55–59

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),

78–79, 99, 362, 364

Residential addiction treatment programs,

279

Responsive neurostimulation (RNS), and epilepsy,

162–163

Rest tremor,

229

Reticular activating system (RAS),

31

Retrieval deficit, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

90

Retrograde amnesia (RA),

141

Revisualization, and visuospatial disorders,

135

Rey-Osterreith Complex Figure,

129, 132

Right hemisphere, of brain,

61, 104, 135–137, 240

Right spatial neglect,

137

Rigidity, and PD,

206

Riluzole,

233–234

Risk factors. See also Precipitating factors; Protective factors

for Alzheimer’s disease,

184

for cerebrovascular disease,

234, 236

for delirium,

169–170

for FNSD,

68–69

for hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism,

302, 306

Risperidone,

161, 293, 345

Rivastigmine,

189

Rolandic epilepsy,

153

Rufinamide,

354

Safinamide,

339

Schizoid behavior, and right-brain lesions,

136, 137

Screening. See also Assessment

for alcohol use,

275

for mood disorders in epilepsy patients,

157–158

Secondary brain injury,

265–266

Secondary memory,

141

Secondary parkinsonism,

215–216

Sedative-hypnotics,

347–349

Segmental myoclonus,

224–225

Seizures. See also Dacrystic seizures; Gelastic seizures; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

antidepressants and,

342

antipsychotics and,

345

brain tumors and,

247, 249

limbic encephalitis and,

316

types of,

151, 152, 153

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). See also Antidepressants

drug interactions and,

339, 343

emotional sequelae of TBI and,

268

mood disorders in patients with epilepsy and,

158–159

patients with post-stroke depression and,

242

Selegilene,

337, 339

Self-awareness, and right-brain dysfunctions,

137

Self-injurious behavior, differential diagnosis of,

64

Semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA),

181, 186, 187, 193

Sensory homunculus, in human brain,

38

Sensory symptoms, of FNSD,

74–85

Sepsis, and delirium,

171

Serial 7s subtraction test,

6

Serotonin, clinical relevance of,

25, 26

Serotonin augmenting agents, and antidepressants,

340–341

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs),

158–159, 340

Serotonin syndrome, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

339

Sexual behavior, differential diagnosis of altered,

62–63.See also Hypersexuality; Hyposexuality

Short-term memory,

141, 144

“Silent strokes,”

240

Simultanagnosia,

120, 123

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),

15, 20–21

Situational amnesia,

147

Sleep disorders

delirium and,

171

dementia and,

191, 195, 202

PD and,

206–207

TBI and,

270

Social behaviors

basal ganglia and,

30

lateral orbitofrontal syndrome and,

95

medial frontal syndrome and,

96

Social skills training, and ASD,

292–293

“Soft signs,” neurological,

8

Somatic delusions,

50

Somatic symptom(s), of TBI,

270–271

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD),

67

Somatoparaphrenia,

50, 130

Somesthetic neglect,

128

Spastic dysarthrias,

110–111

Spatial agraphias,

109

Speech, and assessment,

3.See also Language; Reiterative speech disturbances

Status epilepticus,

151–152

Stereotypies, and ASD,

291

Steroids, and multiple sclerosis,

258–259

Stevens-Johnson syndrome,

355

Stimulant(s), and ASD,

294

Stimulant-induced chorea,

217

Striatum,

29

Stroke. See also Cerebrovascular disease-stroke; Hemorrhagic strokes

amnesia and,

144, 146

ECT for,

365

etiologies of in young individuals,

237–238

mania or hypomania,

46

neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with,

238–241

risks of treatment for,

241–243

Stroke Aphasia Depression Questionnaire,

239

Stroop Color-Word Interference Test,

94

Structural brain imaging, clinical indications for,

15, 16

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV,

157

Stuttering,

111, 113

Subarachnoid hemorrhage,

234, 235

Substance abuse, and substance use disorders (SUDs). See also Alcohol use disorder

catatonia and,

228

delirium and,

171

diagnosis of,

275–278

medications for,

279–282

myoclonus and,

225

neurobiology of addiction,

274–275

psychosocial treatment of,

278–279

stroke and,

237

Substantia innominata,

29

Suicide, and suicidal ideation

brain tumors and,

248

epilepsy and,

155, 160

multiple sclerosis and,

255

TBI and,

269

Sydenham’s chorea,

219

Sylvian fissure,

31

Symbo- or figure-cancellation abnormalities,

130

Sympathetic apraxia,

114, 115, 116

Tactile hallucinations,

53

Tardive akathisia,

229

Tardive dyskinesia (TD),

217, 218–219, 229, 345, 346

Tardive dystonia,

229

Tardive myoclonus,

229

Taylor Complex Figure,

132, 133

Telehealth,

282

Temporal lobe epilepsy,

61, 163–164

Tetrabenazine,

218, 222

Tetracyclic antidepressants,

341

Thalamic aphasia,

106

Thalamus, and neuroanatomy,

29, 33

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM),

335–336

Theta burst stimulation (TBS),

363

Thiamine deficiency, and amnesia,

144

Thiothixene,

345

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH),

301, 304, 305, 307

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone,

42–43

Thyroxine,

304

Tiagabine,

354, 356

Tic syndromes,

221–222, 229.See also Tourette’s disorder

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA),

236

TI weighted images,

17

Tonic-clonic seizures,

151

Topiramate,

281, 354, 356–357

Tourette’s disorder,

221, 222, 229, 290–291

“Tower” tests, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

91

Toxicity, and toxic disorders

anticonvulsants and,

356

dementia and,

200

MAOIs and,

339

white matter diseases and,

252

Transcortical aphasia,

96, 106, 107

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

ASD and,

295

epilepsy and,

161

interventional psychiatry and,

362–363

patients with post-stroke depression and,

242–243

Transient global amnesia,

59, 145–146

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs),

234, 235

Tranylcypromine,

337

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

amnesia and,

141, 143, 144

assessment and,

267

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

194

dementia and,

201

epilepsy and,

163

frontal lobe disorders and,

98

mania or hypomania,

46

neuropsychiatric aspects of,

268–271

parkinsonism and,

216

pathophysiology of,

265–266

post-concussive syndrome and,

271

stroke and,

238

treatment of,

267, 268–271

Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome,

182, 186, 187.See also Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Trazodone,

340–341

Treatment. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Electroconvulsive therapy; Pharmacotherapy; Prevention; Psychotherapy

of Alzheimer’s disease,

185, 188

of amnesia,

146

of anxiety disorders,

55

of ataxia,

223–224

of ASD,

291–295

of brain tumors,

248–249

of catatonia,

227

of cerebrovascular disease,

236–238, 241–243

of delusions,

48

of depression,

43–44

of delirium,

172–174

of dementia,

194, 201–202

of epilepsy,

161–163

of FNSD,

77–79

of frontal lobe syndromes,

97, 99–100

of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders,

327–329

of Huntington’s disease,

218

of hypercortisolemia,

312

of hyperthyroidism,

307–308

of hypocortisolemia,

310

of hypothyroidism,

304–305

of limbic encephalitis,

319–320

of mania and hypomania,

45

of multiple sclerosis,

255, 258

of myoclonus,

224–225

of OCD,

56, 59

of PD,

207–209, 212–213

of psychiatric disorders in patients with epilepsy,

158–159, 160–162

of substance use disorder,

278–279

of tic syndromes,

222

of TBI,

267

Tremor,

74, 206, 225, 226

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs),

158–159, 340

Triiodothyronine (T₃),

305

Tuberculous meningitis, and amnesia,

144

Uncinate fasciculus,

33

Unicyclic antidepressants,

341

Unilateral visual neglect,

127–129

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,

275

Utilization behavior, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

94

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS),

162, 367–368

Valbenazine,

222

Valproate,

294, 352

Vascular cognitive disorder,

182, 183, 186, 188, 197–198

Vascular dementia (VaD),

201, 238–239

Vascular parkinsonism,

216

Venlafaxine,

158

Ventral tegmental area,

27

Verbal amnesia,

137

Verbal fluency, and dorsolateral prefrontal syndrome,

90

Verbal perseveration,

113

Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy,

213

Video electroencephalogram,

71

Video telemetry,

15

Vigabatrin,

354

Vilazodone,

341

Viral escape, and HIV,

330

Visual discrimination deficits,

124

Visual hallucinations,

48, 50–51, 52, 121, 136–137, 211, 241.See also Hallucinations Visual object agnosia,120, 125, 126–127

Visual recognition disorders,

124–127

Visual search, and visuospatial disorders,

134–135

Visuoperceptual disorders,

119–123

Visuospatial attention,

127–130

Visuospatial disorders,

134–135, 136

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency,

260

Voice discrimination and recognition deficits,

136

Vorbeireden,

147–148

Vortioxetine,

341

Wada test,

162

Waveforms, and electroencephalography,

13–14

Wernicke’s aphasia,

106, 107, 240

Wernicke’s encephalopathy,

145

West’s syndrome,

153

White matter disorders

dementia and,

199, 200–201

frontal lobe dysfunction and,

97

leukoaraiosis and,

260–261

leukodystrophies and,

261

multiple sclerosis and,

251–259

neuromyelitis optica and,

259

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and,

259–260

vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and,

260

Wilson’s disease,

217

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test,

91

Withdrawal, and substance use disorders,

276, 281

Witzelsucht,

47, 61

Working memory,

141

World Health Organization,

281, 285

World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System (2016),

245

Writing, and aphasia,

107

X-linked ataxia,

223

Ziprasidone,

345

Zonisamide,

354