Skip to main content
Full access
Letter to the Editor
Published Online: 1 August 2002

Trauma 4,000 Years Ago?

Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
To the Editor: Although evidence for symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in antiquity is scarce, I discuss evidence of trauma 4,000 years ago that has medical significance since it is, to my knowledge, the first description of PTSD symptoms in recorded history. This evidence extends the period of known PTSD symptoms from 350 years to 4,000 years ago (1).
Between 2027 and 2003 B.C., during the third dynasty of Ur, under the regime of King Ibisin, the Elamites from the east and the Sumerians from the west attacked the city of Ur and destroyed it (2). Reactions to the raid, plunder, slaughter, and the actual attack were recorded in cuneiform writing. The following verses describe psychiatric symptoms that resemble those of PTSD as presented in DSM-IV:
The Sumerians and the Elamites, the destroyers, made of it thirty shekels.
The righteous house they break up with pickaxe; the people groan.
The city they make into ruins; the people groan.
Its lady cries: “Alas for my city,” cries: “alas for my house.” (2, verses 242–245)
In its lofty gates, where they were wont to promenade, dead bodies were lying about;
In its boulevards, where the feasts were celebrated, scattered they lay.
In all its streets, where they were wont to promenade, dead bodies were lying about;
In its places, where the festivities of the land took place, the people lay in heaps. (2, verses 214–217)
At night a bitter lament having been raised unto me,
I, although, for that night I tremble,
Fled not before that night’s violence.
The storm’s cyclone like destruction—verily its terror has filled me full.
Because of its [affliction] in my nightly sleeping place,
In my nightly sleeping place verily there is no peace for me. (2, verses 95–99)
These verses describe documented exposure to the atrocities of war followed by the appearance of psychiatric symptoms 4,000 years ago. This evidence gives us the first glimpse of traumatic reactions in antiquity. These verses were written after exposure to a traumatic event, which was followed by characteristic symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, one of the most common PTSD symptoms (DSM-IV).

References

1.
Daly RJ: Samuel Pepys and post-traumatic stress disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 143:64-68
2.
Kramer SN: A Sumerian lamentation, in Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Edited by Pritchard JB. Trenton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1969, pp 455-463

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Pages: 1437
PubMed: 12153848

History

Published online: 1 August 2002
Published in print: August 2002

Authors

Details

MENACHEM BEN-EZRA, M.A.
Tel-Aviv, Israel

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard

View Options

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/EPUB

Get Access

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry

PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share