Prevalence and Correlates of Prescription Stimulant Use, Misuse, Use Disorders, and Motivations for Misuse Among Adults in the United States
Abstract
Objective:
Method:
Results:
Conclusions:
Method
Study Population
Measures
Statistical Analysis
Results
Past-Year Prevalence of Prescription Stimulant Use Without Misuse, Misuse Without Use Disorders, and Use Disorders
Any Prescription Stimulant Use | Prescription Stimulant Use Without Misuse | Prescription Stimulant Misuse Without Use Disorders | Prescription Stimulant Use Disorders | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI |
Overall | 6.6 | 6.35–6.79 | 4.5 | 4.34–4.70 | 1.9 | 1.77–1.97 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.20 |
Year | ||||||||
2015 (reference) | 6.3 | 6.07–6.61 | 4.4 | 4.14–4.63 | 1.8 | 1.67–1.94 | 0.2 | 0.13–0.20 |
2016 | 6.8 | 6.52–7.09 | 4.7 | 4.43–4.91 | 1.9 | 1.80–2.08 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.25 |
Age range (years) | ||||||||
18–29 | 13.0 | 12.47–13.47 | 6.5 | 6.22–6.85 | 6.0 | 5.66–6.37 | 0.4 | 0.36–0.51 |
30–49 | 6.7 | 6.33–6.98 | 5.1 | 4.79–5.36 | 1.4 | 1.26–1.56 | 0.2 | 0.13–0.23 |
≥50 (reference) | 3.5 | 3.20–3.80 | 3.2 | 2.89–3.47 | 0.3 | 0.19–0.35 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.12 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male | 6.3 | 6.07–6.62 | 4.0 | 3.77–4.23 | 2.2 | 2.01–2.31 | 0.2 | 0.15–0.24 |
Female (reference) | 6.8 | 6.52–7.06 | 5.0 | 4.78–5.26 | 1.6 | 1.49–1.73 | 0.2 | 0.13–0.21 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||||||
Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 7.7 | 7.45–7.98 | 5.3 | 5.04–5.49 | 2.2 | 2.09–2.36 | 0.2 | 0.19–0.27 |
Non-Hispanic black | 3.9 | 3.41–4.36 | 3.1 | 2.72–3.59 | 0.7 | 0.54–0.82 | 0.1 | 0.03–0.14 |
Hispanic | 4.9 | 4.50–5.39 | 3.4 | 3.01–3.77 | 1.5 | 1.26–1.66 | 0.1 | 0.08–0.16 |
Non-Hispanic other | 4.5 | 4.00–5.14 | 2.8 | 2.40–3.34 | 1.6 | 1.35–1.93 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.17 |
Education | ||||||||
<High school (reference) | 5.0 | 4.27–5.83 | 3.9 | 3.25–4.71 | 0.9 | 0.72–1.19 | 0.2 | 0.07–0.34 |
High school | 5.2 | 4.74–5.66 | 3.6 | 3.25–4.08 | 1.4 | 1.19–1.61 | 0.2 | 0.10–0.25 |
Some college | 8.2 | 7.71–8.80 | 5.5 | 5.03–5.96 | 2.5 | 2.29–2.81 | 0.2 | 0.17–0.30 |
College graduate | 6.0 | 5.50–6.56 | 4.1 | 3.70–4.58 | 1.8 | 1.56–2.05 | 0.1 | 0.06–0.18 |
Health insurance | ||||||||
Private only (reference) | 7.7 | 7.44–8.03 | 5.1 | 4.89–5.38 | 2.4 | 2.28–2.59 | 0.2 | 0.14–0.21 |
Uninsured | 6.7 | 6.17–7.28 | 4.1 | 3.65–4.54 | 2.3 | 2.04–2.63 | 0.3 | 0.20–0.49 |
Medicaid only | 6.7 | 6.19–7.21 | 4.7 | 4.30–5.22 | 1.7 | 1.45–1.89 | 0.3 | 0.21–0.39 |
Other | 3.9 | 3.55–4.34 | 3.3 | 2.92–3.65 | 0.6 | 0.48–0.71 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.15 |
Marital status | ||||||||
Married (reference) | 4.2 | 3.89–4.61 | 3.6 | 3.25–3.93 | 0.6 | 0.52–0.75 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.06 |
Widowed | 3.5 | 0.66–4.702 | 3.1 | 0.24–4.172 | 0.4 | 0.21–0.86 | 0.1 | 0.02–0.17 |
Divorced or separated | 6.5 | 5.71–7.35 | 5.1 | 4.44–5.93 | 1.1 | 0.83–1.44 | 0.3 | 0.14–0.47 |
Never married | 11.0 | 10.44–11.59 | 5.9 | 5.45–6.31 | 4.8 | 4.42–5.15 | 0.4 | 0.28–0.47 |
Employment status | ||||||||
Full-time (reference) | 6.8 | 6.54–7.10 | 4.6 | 4.33–4.81 | 2.1 | 1.97–2.24 | 0.1 | 0.12–0.18 |
Part-time | 8.5 | 7.98–9.08 | 5.1 | 4.68–5.56 | 3.2 | 2.83–3.49 | 0.3 | 0.19–0.39 |
Disabled for work | 8.2 | 7.26–9.31 | 7.0 | 6.07–8.02 | 1.0 | 0.67–1.40 | 0.2 | 0.15–0.54 |
Unemployed | 8.1 | 7.29–9.06 | 5.2 | 4.46–5.94 | 2.5 | 2.12–3.03 | 0.5 | 0.27–0.74 |
Other | 4.7 | 4.32–5.03 | 3.6 | 3.30–3.96 | 0.9 | 1.97–2.24 | 0.1 | 0.09–0.20 |
Family income | ||||||||
<$20,000 | 7.8 | 7.25–8.29 | 4.7 | 4.29–5.05 | 2.7 | 2.44–3.08 | 0.4 | 0.27–0.48 |
$20,000–$49,999 | 6.0 | 5.67–6.33 | 4.2 | 3.95–4.54 | 1.6 | 1.47–1.77 | 0.1 | 0.10–0.20 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 6.0 | 5.58–6.50 | 4.4 | 4.00–4.85 | 1.5 | 1.30–1.68 | 0.1 | 0.09–0.20 |
≥$75,000 (reference) | 6.7 | 6.37–7.09 | 4.7 | 4.43–5.07 | 1.8 | 1.69–2.01 | 0.1 | 0.10–0.18 |
Characteristics Distinguishing Prescription Stimulant Use Without Misuse, Misuse Without Use Disorders, and Use Disorders
Any Prescription Stimulant Use | Prescription Stimulant Use Without Misuse | Prescription Stimulant Misuse Without Use Disorders | Prescription Stimulant Use Disorders | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI | Weighted % | 95% CI |
Health conditions | ||||||||
Self-rated health | ||||||||
Excellent (reference) | 6.1 | 5.74–6.54 | 3.9 | 3.62–4.27 | 2.1 | 1.89–2.29 | 0.1 | 0.07–0.17 |
Very good | 6.9 | 6.53–7.20 | 4.4 | 4.10–4.66 | 2.3 | 2.15–2.52 | 0.2 | 0.13–0.21 |
Good | 6.6 | 6.23–6.95 | 4.8 | 4.53–5.17 | 1.5 | 1.40–1.70 | 0.2 | 0.15–0.27 |
Fair or poor | 6.5 | 5.91–7.09 | 5.1 | 4.63–4.27 | 1.1 | 0.88–1.26 | 0.3 | 0.19–0.41 |
Past-year emergency department visits | ||||||||
0 (reference) | 6.0 | 5.76–6.21 | 4.0 | 3.85–4.24 | 1.8 | 1.69–1.92 | 0.1 | 0.11–0.18 |
1 | 7.3 | 6.81–7.91 | 5.2 | 4.68–5.65 | 2.0 | 1.75–2.23 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.31 |
2 | 9.2 | 8.40–10.08 | 6.3 | 5.62–7.07 | 2.6 | 2.22–2.95 | 0.3 | 0.21–0.55 |
≥3 | 9.9 | 8.75–11.14 | 7.5 | 6.41–8.66 | 2.0 | 1.62–2.54 | 0.4 | 0.24–0.66 |
Hypertension | ||||||||
Yes | 5.1 | 4.63–5.58 | 4.4 | 3.95–4.84 | 0.6 | 0.45–0.72 | 0.1 | 0.09–0.23 |
No (reference) | 7.0 | 6.72–7.19 | 4.6 | 4.38–4.75 | 2.2 | 2.08–2.33 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.22 |
Heart disease | ||||||||
Yes | 4.8 | 4.18–5.41 | 4.0 | 3.45–4.60 | 0.6 | 0.42–0.74 | 0.2 | 0.11–0.39 |
No (reference) | 6.8 | 6.58–7.01 | 4.6 | 4.41–4.77 | 2.0 | 1.92–2.15 | 0.2 | 0.15–0.21 |
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||||
Yes | 4.6 | 4.01–5.28 | 4.1 | 3.53–4.75 | 0.4 | 0.28–0.59 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.21 |
No (reference) | 6.8 | 6.59–7.03 | 4.6 | 4.39–4.76 | 2.1 | 1.94–2.16 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.22 |
Cancer | ||||||||
Yes | 4.9 | 4.07–5.85 | 4.1 | 3.31–4.96 | 0.7 | 0.50–1.06 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.27 |
No (reference) | 6.7 | 6.48–6.90 | 4.6 | 4.38–4.73 | 2.0 | 1.84–2.06 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.22 |
Asthma | ||||||||
Yes | 10.3 | 9.60–11.09 | 7.2 | 6.60–7.88 | 2.8 | 2.50–3.23 | 0.3 | 0.18–0.39 |
No (reference) | 6.2 | 5.98–6.40 | 4.2 | 4.07–4.42 | 1.8 | 1.67–1.88 | 0.2 | 0.14–0.21 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ||||||||
Yes | 8.0 | 6.85–9.40 | 6.6 | 5.50–7.86 | 1.1 | 0.79–1.55 | 0.4 | 0.18–0.65 |
No (reference) | 6.5 | 6.30–6.72 | 4.4 | 4.26–4.60 | 1.9 | 1.80–2.02 | 0.2 | 0.15–0.20 |
Kidney disease | ||||||||
Yes | 4.7 | 3.49–6.29 | 4.2 | 3.03–5.70 | 0.5 | 0.27–0.90 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.20 |
No (reference) | 6.6 | 6.41–6.83 | 4.5 | 4.36–4.70 | 1.9 | 1.80–2.01 | 0.2 | 0.16–0.22 |
Mental health problems | ||||||||
Major depressive episode | ||||||||
Yes | 16.6 | 15.47–17.70 | 10.9 | 9.95–11.88 | 4.6 | 4.13–5.19 | 1.1 | 0.79–1.40 |
No (reference) | 5.8 | 5.63–6.04 | 4.1 | 3.89–4.23 | 1.7 | 1.56–1.77 | 0.1 | 0.10–0.14 |
Suicidal ideation | ||||||||
Yes | 17.3 | 15.93–18.85 | 9.9 | 8.74–11.11 | 6.2 | 5.48–7.06 | 1.3 | 0.90–1.76 |
No (reference) | 6.1 | 5.92–6.32 | 4.3 | 4.13–4.47 | 1.7 | 1.59–1.79 | 0.1 | 0.11–0.16 |
Substance use problems | ||||||||
Tobacco use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-month nicotine dependence | 10.3 | 9.66–10.91 | 6.0 | 5.46–6.53 | 3.6 | 3.29–4.00 | 0.7 | 0.53–0.85 |
Past-year tobacco use | 11.3 | 10.80–11.89 | 6.2 | 5.85–6.65 | 4.8 | 4.43–5.15 | 0.3 | 0.25–0.40 |
Substance use problems | ||||||||
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 5.6 | 5.31–5.97 | 4.5 | 4.21–4.81 | 1.1 | 0.94–1.17 | 0.1 | 0.05–0.12 |
Never tobacco use (reference) | 3.5 | 3.22–3.74 | 3.0 | 2.75–3.24 | 0.5 | 0.38–0.53 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.08 |
Alcohol use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year alcohol use disorder | 18.3 | 17.22–19.41 | 7.6 | 6.89–8.46 | 9.2 | 8.44–9.98 | 1.5 | 1.17–1.84 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 6.8 | 6.58–7.10 | 4.8 | 4.60–5.04 | 1.9 | 1.80–2.04 | 0.1 | 0.08–0.13 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 4.6 | 4.18–5.07 | 4.0 | 3.64–4.48 | 0.5 | 0.34–0.63 | 0.1 | 0.06–0.20 |
Never alcohol use (reference) | 2.6 | 2.25–2.91 | 2.4 | 2.10–2.76 | 0.1 | 0.07–0.19 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.11 |
Cannabis use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year cannabis use disorder | 29.1 | 26.54–31.70 | 9.8 | 8.31–11.55 | 16.2 | 14.30–18.33 | 3.0 | 2.26–4.04 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 17.3 | 16.51–18.07 | 8.0 | 7.46–8.58 | 8.6 | 8.06–9.19 | 0.7 | 0.53–0.84 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 6.9 | 6.56–7.32 | 5.5 | 5.19–5.88 | 1.3 | 1.14–1.41 | 0.1 | 0.10–0.19 |
Never cannabis use (reference) | 3.2 | 3.05–3.44 | 2.9 | 2.75–3.14 | 0.3 | 0.24–0.34 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04 |
Cocaine use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year cocaine use disorder | 32.5 | 27.08–38.53 | 9.9 | 6.76–14.40 | 14.7 | 11.23–19.10 | 7.9 | 5.16–11.79 |
Past-year use, but no disorder | 41.2 | 38.49–44.01 | 11.9 | 10.25–13.76 | 27.1 | 24.67–29.73 | 2.2 | 1.59–3.04 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 11.1 | 10.40–11.76 | 7.0 | 6.40–7.56 | 3.7 | 3.34–4.07 | 0.4 | 0.31–0.56 |
Never cocaine use (reference) | 5.1 | 4.87–5.24 | 4.0 | 3.79–4.13 | 1.0 | 0.96–1.10 | 0.1 | 0.05–0.09 |
Heroin use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year heroin use or use disorder | 34.0 | 28.94–39.52 | 13.0 | 9.46–17.58 | 15.7 | 12.31–19.81 | 5.3 | 3.44–8.21 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 14.3 | 12.25–16.52 | 6.7 | 5.24–8.42 | 6.5 | 5.24–7.99 | 1.1 | 0.61–2.00 |
Never heroin use (reference) | 6.3 | 6.13–6.54 | 4.5 | 4.29–4.62 | 1.7 | 1.64–1.84 | 0.1 | 0.12–0.17 |
Hallucinogen use or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year use or use disorder | 42.9 | 40.46–45.39 | 12.0 | 10.56–13.53 | 28.0 | 25.94–30.24 | 2.9 | 2.22–3.80 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 12.8 | 12.14–13.50 | 7.9 | 7.30–8.45 | 4.4 | 4.09–4.81 | 0.5 | 0.39–0.66 |
Never hallucinogen use (reference) | 4.7 | 4.51–4.88 | 3.8 | 3.60–3.95 | 0.9 | 0.79–0.93 | 0.1 | 0.05–0.09 |
Inhalant use or use disorder | ||||||||
Past-year inhalant use or use disorder | 34.2 | 29.45–39.26 | 9.5 | 7.09–12.69 | 22.0 | 18.25–26.22 | 2.7 | 1.50–4.76 |
Substance use problems | ||||||||
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 14.6 | 13.70–15.57 | 8.2 | 7.51–8.92 | 5.6 | 5.09–6.22 | 0.8 | 0.61–1.04 |
Never inhalant use (reference) | 5.6 | 5.44–5.84 | 4.1 | 3.96–4.31 | 1.4 | 1.31–1.49 | 0.1 | 0.09–0.13 |
Prescription sedative or tranquilizer misuse or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 34.1 | 31.99–36.32 | 12.0 | 10.64–13.58 | 19.2 | 17.57–20.84 | 2.9 | 2.31–3.74 |
Lifetime misuse, but no past-year misuse | 15.6 | 13.95–17.32 | 8.7 | 7.40–10.10 | 6.2 | 5.31–7.32 | 0.7 | 0.40–1.09 |
Never misuse (reference) | 5.5 | 5.32–5.71 | 4.2 | 4.02–4.35 | 1.3 | 1.16–1.33 | 0.1 | 0.07–0.11 |
Prescription opioid misuse or disorder | ||||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 25.8 | 24.31–27.25 | 10.7 | 9.62–11.85 | 13.1 | 12.06–14.26 | 2.0 | 1.53–2.48 |
Lifetime misuse, but no past-year misuse | 13.7 | 12.64–14.71 | 7.6 | 6.79–8.47 | 5.6 | 4.97–6.24 | 0.5 | 0.34–0.70 |
Never misuse (reference) | 5.1 | 4.92–5.31 | 4.0 | 3.83–4.17 | 1.0 | 0.97–1.12 | 0.1 | 0.05–0.09 |
Prescription Stimulant Use Without Misuse Versus Nonuse (N=98,500) | Prescription Stimulant Misuse Without Use Disorders Versus Use Without Misuse (N=8,700) | Prescription Stimulant Use Disorders Versus Misuse Without Use Disorders (N=3,500) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
Age range (years) | ||||||
18–29 | 2.1 | 1.83–2.39 | 5.0 | 3.46–7.08 | 0.3 | 0.11–0.54 |
30–49 | 1.5 | 1.33–1.73 | 2.1 | 1.42–3.00 | 0.5 | 0.21–0.96 |
≥50 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 0.7 | 0.66–0.78 | 1.2 | 1.04–1.36 | 0.8 | 0.56–1.24 |
Female (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 0.6 | 0.51–0.70 | 0.6 | 0.45–0.78 | 0.9 | 0.39–1.85 |
Hispanic | 0.7 | 0.57–0.75 | 1.0 | 0.84–1.29 | 0.8 | 0.49–1.27 |
Non-Hispanic other | 0.6 | 0.47–0.68 | 1.5 | 1.13–1.92 | 0.4 | 0.21–0.80 |
Education | ||||||
<High school (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
High school | 0.8 | 0.61–0.98 | 1.4 | 0.95–2.09 | 1.0 | 0.36–2.57 |
Some college | 1.0 | 0.81–1.26 | 1.4 | 0.98–2.06 | 0.9 | 0.35–2.25 |
College graduate | 0.9 | 0.67–1.09 | 1.9 | 1.25–2.73 | 0.8 | 0.28–2.26 |
Health insurance | ||||||
Private only (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Uninsured | 0.7 | 0.61–0.81 | 0.9 | 0.74–1.12 | 1.4 | 0.80–2.45 |
Medicaid only | 0.8 | 0.65–0.86 | 0.8 | 0.62–0.97 | 1.2 | 0.71–2.17 |
Family income | ||||||
<$20,000 | 1.0 | 0.84–1.11 | 1.4 | 1.16–1.74 | 1.1 | 0.65–1.93 |
$20,000–$49,999 | 0.9 | 0.80–1.00 | 0.9 | 0.75–1.08 | 0.8 | 0.49–1.38 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.9 | 0.80–1.02 | 0.8 | 0.65–0.99 | 1.0 | 0.55–1.88 |
≥$75,000 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Excellent (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Very good | 1.0 | 0.92–1.14 | 0.9 | 0.80–1.10 | 1.1 | 0.62–1.87 |
Good | 1.3 | 1.11–1.41 | 0.6 | 0.50–0.74 | 1.5 | 0.91–2.57 |
Fair or poor | 1.4 | 1.17–1.63 | 0.6 | 0.43–0.73 | 1.9 | 0.99–3.66 |
Past-year emergency department visits | ||||||
0 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
1 | 1.2 | 1.05–1.33 | 0.8 | 0.66–0.97 | 1.1 | 0.71–1.71 |
2 | 1.4 | 1.21–1.60 | 0.7 | 0.58–0.88 | 1.2 | 0.68–2.18 |
≥3 | 1.4 | 1.19–1.74 | 0.6 | 0.42–0.81 | 1.1 | 0.55–2.16 |
Asthma | ||||||
Yes | 1.4 | 1.24–1.55 | 0.9 | 0.75–1.08 | 0.9 | 0.57–1.48 |
No (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Major depressive episode | ||||||
Yes | 1.8 | 1.63–2.08 | 0.7 | 0.59–0.86 | 2.2 | 1.44–3.41 |
No (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Tobacco use or disorder | ||||||
Past-month nicotine dependence | 1.1 | 0.93–1.29 | 1.3 | 1.00–1.81 | 1.1 | 0.38–3.14 |
Past-year tobacco use | 1.3 | 1.13–1.47 | 1.2 | 0.94–1.59 | 0.7 | 0.28–1.91 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.2 | 1.03–1.34 | 1.0 | 0.75–1.30 | 0.8 | 0.28–2.10 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Alcohol use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use disorder | 1.3 | 1.05–1.60 | 4.0 | 2.36–6.71 | 0.3 | 0.09–1.18 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 1.2 | 1.00–1.40 | 2.8 | 1.68–4.65 | 0.1 | 0.04–0.49 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.2 | 1.00–1.47 | 1.9 | 1.06–3.43 | 0.3 | 0.08–1.21 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Cannabis use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use disorder | 1.5 | 1.18–1.92 | 3.2 | 2.21–4.58 | 2.4 | 0.78–7.22 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 1.5 | 1.30–1.72 | 3.2 | 2.45–4.26 | 1.2 | 0.44–3.40 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.3 | 1.19–1.50 | 1.6 | 1.25–2.14 | 1.7 | 0.63–4.72 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Cocaine use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use or use disorder | 1.7 | 1.35–2.06 | 1.7 | 1.32–2.14 | 1.2 | 0.71–2.01 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.1 | 0.97–1.28 | 1.3 | 1.05–1.57 | 1.0 | 0.59–1.59 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Heroin use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use or use disorder | 1.0 | 0.63–1.53 | 0.8 | 0.47–1.23 | 2.0 | 1.00–3.94 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 0.7 | 0.55–0.97 | 1.2 | 0.86–1.80 | 0.9 | 0.45–1.95 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Hallucinogen use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use or use disorder | 1.9 | 1.58–2.37 | 1.5 | 1.16–1.84 | 1.1 | 0.63–1.82 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.3 | 1.15–1.49 | 1.0 | 0.81–1.19 | 1.0 | 0.61–1.68 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Prescription sedative or tranquilizer misuse or disorder | ||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 1.6 | 1.34–1.95 | 1.8 | 1.44–2.25 | 1.3 | 0.86–2.09 |
Lifetime misuse, but no past-year misuse | 1.2 | 0.95–1.42 | 1.2 | 0.88–1.56 | 1.0 | 0.54–1.99 |
Never misuse (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Prescription opioid misuse or disorder | ||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 1.7 | 1.42–1.93 | 1.8 | 1.44–2.20 | 1.3 | 0.73–2.17 |
Lifetime misuse, but no past-year misuse | 1.1 | 0.98–1.33 | 1.5 | 1.17–1.84 | 1.0 | 0.56–1.71 |
Never misuse (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Motivations for Prescription Stimulant Misuse
Number of Days of Misuse in Past Month | Misuse by Past-Year Prescription Stimulant Use Disorder | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measure | Any Past-Year Misuse (N=3,500) | 0 days (N=2,400) | 1–2 days (N=600) | 3–6 days (N=300) | ≥7 days (N=200) | Without Disorder (N=3,200) | With Disorder (N=300) |
Main motivation | |||||||
Lose weight | 4.07 | 4.22 | 3.20 | 4.71 | 3.85 | 3.75b | 7.93 |
Help be alert or concentrate | 56.34 | 54.42 | 57.09 | 60.28 | 69.52c | 56.33 | 56.21 |
Help study | 21.88 | 24.60 | 17.93c | 15.86c | 11.47c | 23.07b | 9.21 |
Get high, is hooked, adjust other drug effects, or experiment | 15.53 | 14.91 | 18.80 | 14.84 | 14.78 | 14.76b | 23.63 |
Other | 2.17 | 1.85 | 2.97 | 4.31 | —d | 2.09 | 3.02 |
Source | |||||||
Free from friend or relative | 56.87 | 58.77 | 56.76 | 50.94 | 44.90c | 59.23b | 30.87 |
Bought or stole from friend or relative | 21.77 | 20.92 | 26.39c | 24.39 | 15.06 | 22.28 | 16.12 |
One or more physicians | 11.09 | 10.09 | 6.50 | 17.18c | 25.23c | 8.55b | 37.70 |
Drug dealer or stranger | 4.33 | 4.00 | 3.97 | 4.13 | 9.17c | 3.90b | 8.73 |
Other | 5.94 | 6.21 | 6.38 | 3.35 | 5.64 | 6.04 | 6.58 |
Source of Misused Prescription Stimulants
Characteristics Associated With Specific Motivations for Misuse
Lose Weight Versus Be Alert/Concentrate (N=2,000) | Help Study Versus Be Alert/Concentrate (N=2,700) | Get High/Hooked/Adjust Other Drug Effects/Experiment Versus Be Alert/Concentrate (N=2,500) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI |
Age range (years) | ||||||
18–29 | 0.6 | 0.31–1.00 | 5.0 | 2.98–8.54 | 0.8 | 0.60–1.15 |
≥30 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 0.2 | 0.08–0.37 | 1.5 | 1.16–1.92 | 1.3 | 1.02–1.75 |
Female (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Race/ethnicity | ||||||
Non-Hispanic white (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Non-Hispanic black | 2.5 | 1.03–6.19 | 1.3 | 0.75–2.14 | 1.7 | 1.03–2.94 |
Hispanic | 2.2 | 1.09–4.27 | 1.8 | 1.23–2.63 | 1.2 | 0.76–1.96 |
Non-Hispanic other | 0.9 | 0.29–2.73 | 1.6 | 1.01–2.58 | 1.7 | 1.08–2.65 |
Employment | ||||||
Full-time (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Part-time | 0.5 | 0.23–1.17 | 1.7 | 1.28–2.20 | 0.8 | 0.57–1.16 |
Unemployed | 1.0 | 0.34–2.83 | 1.2 | 0.63–2.23 | 1.9 | 1.17–2.95 |
Family income | ||||||
<$20,000 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
$20,000–$49,999 | 0.8 | 0.33–2.04 | 1.6 | 1.18–2.04 | 1.1 | 0.76–1.57 |
$50,000–$74,999 | 0.8 | 0.35–1.60 | 0.7 | 0.50–0.91 | 1.2 | 0.82–1.62 |
≥$75,000 | 0.8 | 0.37–1.72 | 1.0 | 0.65–1.44 | 1.4 | 0.89–2.06 |
Health insurance | ||||||
Private only (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Uninsured | 2.2 | 1.07–4.45 | 0.6 | 0.37–0.87 | 1.0 | 0.67–1.43 |
Medicaid only | 1.6 | 0.79–3.23 | 0.6 | 0.38–0.84 | 1.0 | 0.64–1.51 |
Self-rated health | ||||||
Excellent (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Very good | 1.2 | 0.61–2.24 | 0.8 | 0.63–1.09 | 0.6 | 0.42–0.86 |
Good | 1.3 | 0.66–2.72 | 0.6 | 0.44–0.91 | 0.7 | 0.45–0.96 |
Fair or poor | 1.3 | 0.40–3.95 | 0.6 | 0.34–1.19 | 0.9 | 0.52–1.52 |
Suicidal ideation | ||||||
Yes | 1.5 | 0.75–3.80 | 0.8 | 0.55–1.09 | 1.5 | 1.04–2.07 |
No (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Tobacco use or disorder | ||||||
Past-month nicotine dependence | 0.8 | 0.33–2.17 | 0.4 | 0.23–0.62 | 0.8 | 0.44–1.59 |
Past-year use, but no dependence | 0.8 | 0.35–1.98 | 1.0 | 0.63–1.44 | 1.0 | 0.54–1.77 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 0.8 | 0.34–2.11 | 0.8 | 0.53–1.29 | 0.9 | 0.44–1.68 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Alcohol use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year alcohol use disorder | 0.6 | 0.21–1.43 | 2.0 | 1.01–4.05 | 1.1 | 0.56–2.33 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 0.6 | 0.25–1.56 | 2.2 | 1.12–4.40 | 0.9 | 0.43–1.71 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Cannabis use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year cannabis use disorder | 0.5 | 0.19–1.36 | 1.4 | 0.91–2.04 | 1.6 | 1.02–2.55 |
Past-year use, but no use disorder | 0.4 | 0.22–0.84 | 1.1 | 0.84–1.50 | 1.2 | 0.86–1.78 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Cocaine use or disorder | ||||||
Past-year use or use disorder | 0.5 | 0.25–1.20 | 0.9 | 0.68–1.21 | 1.8 | 1.19–2.57 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 0.5 | 0.25–0.81 | 0.7 | 0.52–1.05 | 1.2 | 0.81–1.83 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Heroin use or use disorder | ||||||
Past-year heroin use or use disorder | 2.7 | 0.81–8.63 | 1.2 | 0.53–2.81 | 2.9 | 1.61–5.27 |
Lifetime use, but no past-year use | 1.9 | 0.66–5.60 | 0.5 | 0.23–1.28 | 1.4 | 0.84–2.25 |
Never use (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Prescription sedative or tranquilizer misuse or disorder | ||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 1.4 | 0.68–3.02 | 0.9 | 0.66–1.22 | 1.0 | 0.71–1.39 |
Lifetime, but no past-year misuse | 3.0 | 1.21–7.37 | 0.8 | 0.47–1.26 | 0.8 | 0.50–1.38 |
Never misuse (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Prescription opioid misuse or disorder | ||||||
Past-year misuse or use disorder | 0.5 | 0.24–1.11 | 0.6 | 0.46–0.84 | 1.0 | 0.69–1.35 |
Lifetime, but no past-year misuse | 0.9 | 0.43–1.82 | 0.7 | 0.50–0.99 | 1.0 | 0.67–1.55 |
Never misuse (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
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