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Individuals with paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders (PDs) have in common a disinclination to interact with others, often coupled with a diminished capacity for empathic understanding of other people’s emotions. In contrast, persons with avoidant PD, albeit shy, usually are more empathic. Patients with these three disorders tend to be guarded, not so self-revealing, and therefore less amenable than are many of the other PDs to psychodynamic treatment approaches. The therapeutic literature on these disorders is sparse.
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