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Stimulants, also called psychostimulants, activate the central nervous system (CNS) and induce euphoria. As prescription medicines (e.g., lisdexamfetamine, methylphenidate, amphetamine), they treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or narcolepsy. Stimulants, especially cocaine, methamphetamine, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy), are also widely misused for their performance-enhancing effects. In this chapter on the neurobiology of stimulants, we focus on cocaine and methamphetamine because of their worldwide prevalence.
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