Hippocampal Volume Increased After Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in a Patient With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Case Report
Publication: The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
To the Editor: Functional imaging studies have revealed that patients with social anxiety disorder have hyperactivity of the amygdala and surrounding areas, including the hippocampus.1 However, the number of structural brain imaging studies is limited. Irle et al.2 reported that social anxiety disorder patients had reduced amygdala (13%, only male patients) and hippocampus (8%) size and that a smaller right hippocampus is associated with more severe symptoms.
Although some studies detected that the hippocampus/amygdala increase after effective treatments in patients with depression or other anxiety disorders,3,4 there are no morphological studies in patients with social anxiety disorder.
Here we describe a case in which the hippocampus increased after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).
Case
A 36-year-old woman with an 8-year history of social anxiety disorder received 12 weeks of group CBT.
Scores for the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale,5,6 Social Phobia Scale, and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale7,8 were obtained before, immediately after, and 3 months after CBT.
We obtained MRI data before and 3 months after CBT using a 1.5-T MRI system (Gyoro Scan Intera; Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands). The scanning parameters for the three-dimensional T1-weighted turbo field echo sequences were as follows: echo time, 3.9 msec; repetition time, 8.5 msec; flip angle, 15°; 256 × 256 matrices; field of view, 25 cm; voxel size, 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 mm; and slice thickness, 1.0 mm.
The hippocampus/amygdala were traced manually according to the method used in a previous study9 (Figure 1): an operator blind to subject status traced them twice, and a comparison of the two tracings was made. When the operator used another MRI dataset (N=24), the interrater/intrarater reliability of the hippocampus was 0.89/0.90 and that of the amygdala was 0.80/0.61.
The patient gave written consent, and this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya City University.
The volume of the right hippocampus increased from 3417.51 to 3890.50 mm3, and the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale scores decreased from 109 to 70 and, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale/Social Phobia Scale scores decreased from 72/43 to 42/19. Clinically, her avoidant behaviors were decreased. The volume of the right amygdala was decreased, and the volume of the left hippocampus/amygdala did not change (Table 1).
| Before CBT | 3 Months After CBT | Volumetric Change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| LSAS total score | 109 | 70 | |
| SIAS total score | 72 | 42 | |
| SPS total score | 43 | 19 | |
| Left hippocampus (mm3) | 3028.51 | 3007.00 | –0.71% |
| Right hippocampus (mm3) | 3417.51 | 3890.50 | 13.84% |
| Left amygdala (mm3) | 1026.50 | 995.50 | –3.02% |
| Right amygdala (mm3) | 1239.00 | 1097.00 | –11.46% |
Matsuoka et al.9 reported the hippocampal/amygdala volumes of healthy women (mean age, 51.6 [SD 7.2] years), which were traced as follows: the left/right hippocampal volumes were 3326.2 (SD = 292.3)/3423.4 (SD = 290.0) mm3, and the left/right amygdala volumes were 1125.4 (SD = 130.1)/1208.5 mm3 (SD = 145.4). The right hippocampal volume of the patient in our case after treatment was larger than that of the healthy women. We think that this might be explained by the differences in age, MRI scanner modality, and total brain volume.
Discussion
We described our experience with a patient with social anxiety disorder whose right hippocampal volume increased 3 months after successful CBT.
Previous studies have shown that prolonged stress and a high level of glucocorticoids reduce hippocampus/amygdala volumes and that effective treatment alleviates the situation in major depressive disorders. However, in the case of anxiety disorders, the mechanism of volume reduction is not clear.
Irle et al.2 reported that, in female patients with social anxiety disorder, only the hippocampi were smaller than those of healthy control subjects, and the small right hippocampi had an association with symptom severity. Our finding was supported by this study.
However, the reason for the reduction in the right amygdala is unclear and could be becasue of our unskilled tracing technique.
Conclusion
Although larger sample studies are needed, we expect that the right hippocampal volume may have an association with symptom or treatment response in patients with social anxiety disorder.
References
1.
Etkin A, Wager TD: Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1476–1488
2.
Irle E, Ruhleder M, Lange C, et al: Reduced amygdalar and hippocampal size in adults with generalized social phobia. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2010; 35:126–131
3.
Bossini L, Casolaro I, Santarnecchi E, et al: [Evaluation study of clinical and neurobiological efficacy of EMDR in patients suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder]. Riv Psichiatr 2012; 47(Suppl):12–15
4.
Vermetten E, Vythilingam M, Southwick SM, et al: Long-term treatment with paroxetine increases verbal declarative memory and hippocampal volume in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:693–702
5.
Liebowitz MR: Social phobia. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 1987; 22:141–173
6.
Asakura S, Inoue S, Sasaki F, et al: Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Seishin Igaku (Clinical Psychiatry) 2002; 44:1077–1084
7.
Mattick RP, Clarke JC: Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behav Res Ther 1998; 36:455–470
8.
Kanai Y, Sasakawa S, Chen J, et al: Development and validation of the Japanese version of Social Phobia Scale and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Jpn J Psychosom Med 2004; 44:841–850
9.
Matsuoka Y, Nagamine M, Mori E, et al: Left hippocampal volume inversely correlates with enhanced emotional memory in healthy middle-aged women. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 19:335–338
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Published online: 1 January 2014
Published in print: Fall 2014
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
View Options
View options
PDF/EPUB
View PDF/EPUBGet Access
Login options
Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.
Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens loginNot a subscriber?
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).