Maine Takes Unique Road To Health System Reform
Trish Riley, director of Maine's Office of Health Policy and Finance, tackled a difficult question at the annual conference of the National Academy of State Health Policy (NASHP) in August.
How can advocates work effectively to expand access to health care in light of the intense competition for diminishing financial resources?
From 1989 to 2003, Riley was NASHP's executive director and is the principal architect of DirigoChoice, Maine's effort to provide universal access to health care for state residents by 2009.
“Most health care reform initiatives have been `big bang' efforts,” she said, citing the Clintons' comprehensive health care reform plan as an example of that transformative approach.
The DirigoChoice plan, however, combines a number of different initiatives.“ Every constituency could find something to love and to hate, [but] no group could hate it all,” Riley said.
“We sold it with the idea of equity,” she said. “[People] could understand that it's not right for a person to get up and go to work and not have insurance benefits.”
The plan, which was promoted by Gov. John Baldacci (D), required approval by Maine's legislature. Marketing of the plan was scheduled to begin at press time, with coverage beginning on January 1, 2005.
Health care reform had been an important issue in his 2002 election because of the severity and longevity of the problems in the state.
According to a January 22 article in the New England Journal of Medicine by Riley and Elizabeth Kilbreth, “Maine has long been a hotbed of debate about health care reform, which has been stimulated in recent years by double-digit increases in premiums, poor health status among many citizens, and growing numbers of uninsured persons.”
Maine has led the nation in per capita growth of personal spending on health care. One out of eight residents is uninsured.
Prescription Drugs to Be Covered
DirigoChoice, which is billed as a private-public venture, will use a private insurance carrier to offer coverage for prescription drugs, inpatient hospital treatment, and outpatient services, including specialty care. The plan offers parity for mental health and other medical services.
Those eligible for the plan include employees who work at least 20 hours a week for an eligible small business, unemployed state residents, individuals employed in businesses that do not offer insurance, and their dependents.
The strategy, according to information on the DirigoChoice Web site, is“ to pool small business, self-employed, and [other] individuals into a large group to better bargain for good prices. As the plan grows over time, so will its capacity to bargain for competitive prices for its members.”
Employers will cover 60 percent of the premiums, and employees will pay the remainder. The state will provide premium subsidies on a sliding scale to enrollees with annual incomes of less than 300 percent of the poverty level. (The 2004 federal poverty level is $9,310 for an individual and $18,850 for a family of four.)
Implementation of DirigoChoice will be accompanied by “modest” expansions in MaineCare, Maine's Medicaid program, according to Riley.
Citizens Learn About Health Costs
State officials are encouraging various reforms to control costs and improve access. Riley told the audience that with foundation support, state officials mounted a public-awareness campaign with the aim of educating Maine residents about the reasons why health care costs are accelerating.
The Maine Quality Forum, which was established as part of the DirigoChoice legislation, will collect and disseminate research on health care quality, evidence-based medicine, and patient safety. It also will promote healthy lifestyles and encourage the use of information technology for data reporting and administration. It is funded partially by an assessment on insurance companies.
Hospitals will be required to post a list of their charges for procedures and services, although physicians will not.
The plan encourages the use of preventive services, such as flu shots, mammograms, and blood testing, by covering all costs. Enrollees who complete a questionnaire and meet goals set with a physician, such as losing weight or quitting smoking, will receive $100.
The success of DirigoChoice, however, depends on assumptions that are problematic. State funds, for example, will be required to subsidize premiums for low-income enrollees. Riley mentioned tobacco-settlement funds and general revenue funds as sources of those funds, but the former is of limited duration and the latter is least likely to be available during troubled economic times when the number of uninsured is most likely to rise.
State officials aim to end or decrease the “hidden tax” that results from charity care offered by public hospitals and by bad debt incurred by them. Although lowering the number of uninsured and improving collections from those who can pay would address those problems, it is not clear how much new revenue would be generated or when it could be expected.
The plan anticipates an expansion of the state's Medicaid program with additional funds from the state and federal governments.
Insurance purchasing pools for small employers have not proved to be an effective means of improving access to health insurance (see article above). Advocates of that approach assumed that establishment of a pool would enhance the ability of employers to negotiate with insurance companies.
In fact, when state officials invited bids from insurance companies for a contract to run DirigoChoice, they received only one. In late August, the state contracted with Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Maine to administer the program.
Information about DirigoChoice is posted online at<www.dirigohealth.maine.gov>.▪
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Published online: 1 October 2004
Published in print: October 1, 2004
Notes
While most states try to stop the erosion in health insurance coverage, Maine aims to provide universal access to health care by 2009.
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