Index

Aβ hypothesis, for Alzheimer’s disease,

630–631

Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale,

24–25

Abstraction, and executive functions,

46

Abulia, and delirium,

641

Acamprosate,

595

Acne, and psychoactive drugs,

437

Acromegaly,

216–218

ACTH

. See Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Actigraphy, and insomnia,

672

Activated charcoal

alcohol intoxication and,

114

anticholinergic toxicity and,

100

Activities of daily living

executive functioning in neurological disorders and,

344

fetal alcohol syndrome and,

493

Acute confusional state, and systemic lupus erythematosus,

235

Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP),

509

Acute stress disorder,

182–183

Acyclovir,

267, 508

Adaptive immune system,

230

Adaptive pacing therapy (APT), and chronic fatigue syndrome,

281

Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised (ACE-R),

32, 41, 43

Addison’s disease

. See Adrenal insufficiency

Adjustment disorders, in patients with renal disease,

325–326

Adolescents

. See also Age; Children

cannabis use in,

615, 616

eating disorders in,

196, 197

treatment of opioid disorders in,

606

Adrenal insufficiency,

222–224, 506, 581

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and multiple sclerosis,

362. See also Cushing’s syndrome

Advanced sleep phase disorder,

665, 668

Affective bias, in diagnosis,

7

African Americans

end-stage renal disease and,

319

sarcoidosis and,

249

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

232

Age, as risk factor for mood symptoms during perimenopause,

467. See also Adolescents; Age at onset; Children; Older adults

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ),

596–597

Age at onset

of Huntington’s disease

of multiple sclerosis,

512

of obsessive-compulsive disorder,

576

Aggression

medical etiologies of,

484

neurological disorders and,

348

Aggression Questionnaire (AQ),

348

Agitation

alcohol abuse and,

111

Alzheimer’s disease and,

547

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98, 100

delirium and,

640

dementia and,

633–634, 637

hallucinogens and,

116

serotonin syndrome and,

94

stimulant use disorder and,

619–620

Agnosia,

44

AIDS,

274, 276, 552. See also HIV

Akinetic mutism,

529–530

Albuterol,

568

Alcohol, and alcohol use disorder

. See also Alcohol withdrawal syndrome; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Substance abuse

dermatological conditions and,

428

drug-induced liver injury and,

145

generalized anxiety disorder and,

572

inpatient medical setting and,

588–596

irritable bowel syndrome and,

293

multiple sclerosis and,

360

psychiatric symptoms of,

109, 110–113, 512, 514–515

pulmonary infections and,

269

testosterone deficiency and,

210

Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration,

111

Alcoholic hallucinosis,

110, 111, 595

Alcoholic hepatitis,

306, 307

Alcoholic withdrawal syndrome (AWS),

110, 514–515, 590

Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT),

589–590

ALDEN tool (algorithm of drug causality for epidermal necrolysis),

437

Aldosterone,

221

Alemtuzumab,

363

Alexander, Franz,

570

Allopregnanolone,

448

Alpha-lipoic acid,

363

Alprazolam,

96

Altered mental status, and alcohol use disorders,

595

Alternating sequences, and writing,

46

Aluminum,

131–132

Alzheimer’s disease

depression and,

547, 634

Down syndrome and,

486

etiology and pathogenesis of,

630–631

memory and,

42

mood disorders and,

547

neuroimaging findings in,

63, 64, 66–67

psychotic symptoms and,

509–510, 633

Amanita muscaria (fly agaric),

125

Amantadine,

91, 96, 532, 534

American Academy of Pediatrics,

454

American Association for Emergency Psychiatry (AAEP),

8, 9

American Association of Endocrine Surgeons,

205

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,

453–454, 599

American College of Rheumatology (ACR),

6, 232, 235

American Diabetes Association,

198

American Heart Association,

181, 183

American Psychiatric Association,

637

American Society of Addiction Medicine,

607

American Society of Clinical Oncology,

402

Amiodarone,

186

Amitriptyline,

240, 300, 366

Ammonia, and liver disease,

307

Amphetamines

. See also Stimulants

cardiovascular events and,

620

psychiatric symptoms caused by,

104, 105–106

serotonin syndrome and,

92

Amyloid PET,

64, 67

Anabolic steroids,

128, 129, 210

Analytic reasoning, and diagnosis,

4, 5–6

Anatomic analytic reasoning,

5, 6

Androgen Excess and PCOS (AE-PCOS) Society,

207

Anemia,

581

Angelman syndrome,

487–489

Anger, in patients with heart disease,

180

Angina pectoris,

581

Anisotropy, and diffusion-weighted imaging,

58

Anomia,

44

Anorexia nervosa, and choking phobia,

574. See also Eating disorders

Anterograde memory,

41

Antiandrogen agents, and polycystic ovary syndrome,

208

Antibiotics

. See also Penicillin

drug-drug interactions with psychotropics,

271

infectious diseases and,

283

mood disorders and,

555

psychiatric side effects of,

271

Anticholinergic agents,

87, 514. See also Antihistamines

Anticholinergic toxicity,

95, 96, 97, 98–99, 100, 101

Anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), and chemotherapy,

403

Anticonvulsants

alcohol withdrawal and,

593

centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome and,

297

drug-drug interactions and,

357, 358

pregnancy and,

457–458

Antidepressants

. See also Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants

cardiovascular effects of in heart disease patients,

184–185

chemotherapeutic agents and,

410

delirium and,

643

dementia and,

637

drug-induced liver injury and,

144–145, 146

epilepsy and,

355

essential tremor and,

386

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

mood disorders and,

554

neurological disorders and,

342

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

pheochromocytoma and,

216

poststroke depression and,

352–353

renal disease and,

321, 323–324

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

237

torsades de pointes and,

150

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs),

357, 358

Antigliadin antibodies (AGA),

304

Antiglutamatergic agents, and catatonia,

533–534

Antihypertensive agents, and depressive or manic states,

555

Antihistamines

anticholinergic toxicity and,

95, 97, 98–99

dementia and,

638

insomnia and,

461

neuropsychiatric side effects of,

439

serotonin syndrome and,

92

Antimycobacterial drugs,

270, 271

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis

catatonia and,

527

electroencephalography and,

79

neuropsychiatric manifestations of,

250–254, 379–380, 464

ovarian teratomas and,

251, 379, 409, 464, 503

paraneoplastic syndromes and,

409

psychotic symptoms and,

409, 503–505

Antipsychotics

Alzheimer’s disease and,

509–510

anticholinergic toxicity and,

95, 96, 98–99

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

252, 254, 504

cancer and,

405

cannabinoids and,

611

cardiac effects of,

182, 185

catatonia and,

526, 534, 535

chemotherapeutic agents and,

410

delirium and,

330–331, 502, 642–643

delusional infestation and,

282, 283

dementia and,

637

dermatological conditions and,

430

diabetes mellitus and,

198

drug-induced liver injury and,

145, 146

drug-induced long QT syndrome and,

149

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

152, 154

electroencephalographic abnormalities and,

71, 75

electrolyte abnormalities due to,

143

epilepsy and,

355–356

gastrointestinal disorders and,

295

HIV and,

507

hyperprolactinemia and,

213, 214

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

86, 90

neurosyphilis and,

507

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

pregnancy and,

458–459, 464

stimulant use disorder and,

619–620

sudden cardiac death and,

148

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

237, 502

torsades de pointes and,

150

Wilson’s disease and,

508–509

Antiretroviral therapy (ART), and HIV,

272, 507. See also Combined antiretroviral therapy

Antisaccide task, and neurological examination,

20

Antiviral drugs, psychiatric side effects of,

271

Anxiety

. See also Anxiety disorders

acromegaly and,

218

cardiovascular disease and,

180–181, 548

dermatological conditions and,

422–423

diabetes mellitus and,

196–197

frequency of in medical settings,

563

gastrointestinal disorders and,

292

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245, 246

inflammatory bowel disease and,

301, 553

liver disease and,

307–308

multiple sclerosis and,

361

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

rheumatoid arthritis and,

238–239

sarcoidosis and,

249, 250

scleroderma and,

244

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

241–242

thyroid disorders and,

202

Anxiety disorders

. See also Anxiety; Generalized anxiety disorder; Illness anxiety disorder

cancer and,

401

DSM-5 and classification of,

563

epilepsy and,

354

menopause and,

468

migraine and,

367

prevalence of in women,

447

renal disease and,

324–325

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

treatment of in general medical setting,

580–582

Anxiolytics

. See also Benzodiazepines; Buspirone

dementia and,

638

drug-induced liver injury and,

147

pregnancy and,

459–460

torsades de pointes and,

150

Aortic dissection, and Turner syndrome,

487

Apathetic hyperthyroidism,

202, 248, 550

Apathy

Alzheimer’s disease and,

547

neurological disorders and,

345–346, 384

Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES),

346

Aphasia, and cognitive assessment,

32, 40

Apraxia,

24, 43–44

Aprosody,

40

Areca nut (betel),

127

Aripiprazole,

153, 535

Arizona Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (AZCERT),

148

Aromatase inhibitors,

208, 209

Arousal, and insomnia,

664–665. See also Cognition

Arrhythmias, and psychiatric symptoms due to cardiovascular disorders,

178, 179

Arsenic,

128, 131

Arthritis Self-Management Program,

240

Ascorbic acid, and vitamin C deficiency,

137

Asenapine,

153

Asparaginase,

411

Aspiration pneumonia,

269

Aspirin,

331

Associative learning, and anxiety in cancer patients,

401

Asthma,

567–568, 672

Ataxia, and cerebellar dysfunction,

22

Ataxia-telangiectasia,

18

Atherosclerosis, and cognitive disorders,

183

Atomoxetine,

151

Atrial myxoma,

178–179

Attention, and tests of cognitive functions,

32, 35–37

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

235, 460, 490, 491

Auditory extinction, and neurological examination,

23

Aura, and migraine,

365, 368

Autism spectrum disorder

celiac disease and,

305

Down syndrome and,

486

epilepsy and,

354

fragile X syndrome and,

485

gastrointestinal issues in,

311–312

medical etiologies of,

483

neurocutaneous syndromes and,

490, 491

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

prenatal exposure to SSRIs and,

456

Autoimmune disorders, and autoimmunity,

230, 502

Autoimmune encephalitis,

28, 79, 377–381

Autoimmune thyroiditis

. See Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Automatic thoughts, and anxiety disorders,

582

Automatisms, and epilepsy,

356

Ayahuasca,

125

Babesiosis,

279

Babinski reflex,

22

Back pain, and comorbid psychopathology,

571–573, 653, 654

Backward digit span,

37–38

Baclofen,

526

Bacterial pneumonia,

268–269

BAL, and alcohol abuse,

111

Balance, and neurological examination,

23–24

Barbiturates, and alcohol withdrawal syndrome,

593

Basal ganglia, diseases of,

511–512

Bear-Fedio questionnaire,

348

Beck Anxiety Inventory,

325

Beck Depression Inventory,

177, 237, 240, 323, 399

Bedside cognitive examination,

31–45

Behavior

. See Aggression; Agitation; Apathy; Compulsive behaviors; Disruptive behavior disorders; Illness behavior; Self-harming behavior

Behavioral interventions

for dementia in older adults,

638–639

for insomnia,

327

for psychosomatic symptoms in cancer patients,

403

for psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease,

509

Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD),

67, 632, 633

Benzodiazepines

alcohol withdrawal and,

591–593

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96, 101

anxiety disorders and,

581–582

catatonia and,

532–533

chemotherapy and,

403

delirium tremens and,

643

dementia and,

638

dermatological conditions and,

423

insomnia and,

327

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

91, 535

Parkinson’s disease and,

384, 386

pregnancy and,

459–460

renal disease and,

325

serotonin syndrome and,

536

stimulant use disorder and,

619

withdrawal from use of,

113

Benzoyl peroxide,

437

Bevacizumab,

411

Bicarbonate, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

Biliary cirrhosis,

311

Biopsychosocial analytic reasoning,

6

Bipolar disorder

essential tremor and,

386

frontotemporal dementia and,

546

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245

inflammation and,

231

menopause and,

467

menstrual cycle and,

449

migraine and,

366, 367

multiple sclerosis and,

360, 362, 548

postpartum psychosis and,

462, 463

pregnancy and,

454

rheumatoid arthritis and,

239

sarcoidosis and,

249

secondary to neurological disorders,

342

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

thyroid disorders and,

202

Blood-brain barrier, and chemotherapeutic agents,

407

Blood-injection-injury phobia,

573–574

Blood pressure, and cerebral palsy,

485. See also Hypotension

Body dysmorphic disorder,

427, 430–431

Body language,

40

Bone density, and cerebral palsy,

485

Borderline personality disorder, and dermatological conditions,

429, 435

Borrelia burgdorferi,

279

Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program,

235

Botulinum toxin, and migraine,

366

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy,

508

Bowel disorders,

291

Brain

. See also Blood-brain barrier; Brain tumors; Traumatic brain injury

conditions treated by neurosurgery,

368–371

physical examination and abnormal development of,

16–17

relationship between gastrointestinal tract and,

289

Brain-gut axis, and gastrointestinal disorders,

292, 301

Brain tumors,

342, 370, 408–409, 510, 543–544

Breast cancer,

399, 404, 406, 410

Breathalyzer testing,

111

Brexanolone,

462

Brief Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ),

348

Brief interventions, for substance use disorders,

600, 609

Bright Futures guidelines,

454

Bright light therapy, and premenstrual mood disorders,

452. See also Light therapy

Broca’s aphasia,

40

Bromocriptine,

91, 535

Budapest criteria, for complex regional pain syndrome,

656

Buprenorphine,

151, 602, 604, 606, 607

Bupropion

chemotherapeutic agents and,

410, 412

depression in cancer patients and,

400

drug-drug interactions and,

186

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

liver disease and,

309–310

renal disease and,

321

tobacco-related disorders and,

610

Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale (BFCRS),

27, 524, 525

Buspirone,

92, 294, 325, 638

Cadmium,

128, 130

Caffeine,

610

CAGE Questions Adapted to Include Drug Use (CAGE-AID),

599–600

Caine criteria, and Wernicke’s encephalopathy,

594

Calciphylaxis,

331

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists,

366

Calcium, levels of,

167, 205, 452

Calculation, and bedside cognitive examination,

45

Callosal dysfunction,

23

Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS),

301, 654

Cancellation tasks,

36

Cancer

. See also Breast cancer; Chemotherapy; Lung cancer; Pancreatic cancer

anxiety disorders and,

401

cognitive changes after chemotherapy for,

371–373

depression and,

397–400

mania and,

400–401

marijuana use and,

613, 616

mood disorders and,

553

neurocognitive and neuropsychiatric complications of,

404–410

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

401

psychiatric sequelae of treatment for brain lesions,

370

psychosomatic symptoms and,

402–404

stem cell transplantation and,

407–408

Cannabinoid(s) (CBDs),

104, 107–108, 403. See also Marijuana; Synthetic cannabinoids

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS),

616–617

Cannabis use disorder (CUD), and medical conditions,

589, 611–617. See also Marijuana

Carbamazepine

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

dementia and,

637

drug-induced hyponatremia and,

142, 143

drug-induced liver injury and,

145, 147, 164

laboratory testing for toxicological complications of,

164

Carbidopa-levodopa, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

91

Carcinoid syndrome,

581

Carcinomatous meningitis,

408

Cardiac testing, for complications or conditions associated with psychiatric illness,

164

Cardiff Acne Disability Index,

423

Cardiovascular disease

cardiac effects of medications for psychiatric problems in patients with,

184–186

as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

drug-drug interactions and,

186

left ventricular assist devices and,

188

mood disorders and,

549, 555

psychiatric disorders in patients with,

179–184

psychiatric symptoms caused by,

175–179

stimulant use disorder and,

620

Caregivers, of patients with dementia,

630

Carmustine,

411

Carotid bruits, auscultation for,

17

Case examples

of conversion disorder,

686, 688

of dermatological conditions,

420, 421–422, 424, 436, 437

of factitious disorder,

690

of illness anxiety disorder,

684

of psychological factors affecting other medical conditions,

691–692

of somatic symptom disorder,

680

of strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of psychiatric symptoms caused by medical conditions,

11–12

Catastrophizing

generalized anxiety disorder and,

571

insomnia and,

664

Catatonia

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

252

diagnosis of,

531

differential diagnosis of,

529–531

etiology of,

524–529

limbic encephalitis and,

79

neurological examination and,

26, 27

pathophysiology of,

531–532

phenomenology of,

523–524

prognosis and complications of,

534

related syndromes,

534–537

subtypes of,

524

treatment of,

532–534

Cathinones,

104, 105–106

Causalgia,

655–656

Ceftriaxone,

279

Celiac disease,

304–306

Cellulitis,

577

Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale,

249, 399

Center for Neurologic Study–Lability Scale,

346–347

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),

269, 272, 275, 277, 278, 373, 461, 606

Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome (CAPS),

295–298

Central nervous system

catatonia and infections of,

526–527

HIV and,

274

lumbar puncture and infections of,

78

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

233

tuberculosis and,

270, 271

Cerebellar ataxia, and gait,

24

Cerebellar lesions,

22, 409

Cerebellar tremor,

25

Cerebral aneurysm,

370

Cerebral angiography,

59–60

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL),

631

Cerebral palsy,

484–485

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

limbic encephalitis and antibodies in,

79

lumbar puncture and,

76, 77

multiple sclerosis and,

361

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory testing of,

278, 279

Cerebrovascular disease,

545

Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus),

452

Chemotherapy

cognitive changes associated with,

371–373, 405–407

depression and mania associated with,

555

gastrointestinal irritation and,

403

Child-Pugh score, and liver functioning,

309

Children

. See also Infants

anti-NMDAR encephalitis in,

252

diabetes mellitus in,

196

gastrointestinal issues in autism spectrum disorder and,

311

heavy metal exposure and,

130, 133, 135

insomnia in,

663

obsessive-compulsive disorder in,

576

stimulants and psychotic symptoms in,

513

zinc deficiency in,

141

Chlamydia pneumoniae,

268

Chlorambucil,

411

Chlorpromazine

delirium and,

643

drug-induced liver injury and,

145, 146

drug-induced long QT syndrome and,

152

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

153, 154

serotonin toxicity and,

95

torsades de pointes and,

150

Choking, and specific phobia,

574

Cholecalciferol,

141

Cholinesterase inhibitors, and dementia,

636–637. See also Donepezil

Chorea, and Huntington’s disease,

633

Choreoathetoid movements,

24

Chromosomal abnormalities, and psychotic symptoms,

505

Chronic idiopathic pruritus,

432, 433

Chronic kidney disease (CKD),

319

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),

566–568, 581, 608, 668

Chronic pain

. See Pain

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE),

375–377, 544, 545

Circadian system, and insomnia,

665

Circumlocution,

40

Cisplatin,

411

Citalopram

agitation in patients with dementia and,

637

cardiovascular effects of in heart disease patients,

184

depression in patients with coronary disease,

182

gastrointestinal disorders and,

294

torsades de pointes and,

150

Clanging,

40

Claustrophobia, and MRI scanning,

59, 401

Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE),

153, 154

Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol–revised version (CIWA-Ar),

590, 592

Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), and multiple sclerosis,

359

Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS),

602, 603

Clock Drawing Test,

33, 344, 370, 372

Clomiphene,

208, 209

Clomipramine,

431

Clonidine,

298, 300, 593, 603

Clorazepate,

96

Clozapine

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

catatonia and,

526, 532, 535

dementia in older adults and,

637

drug-drug interactions with antibiotics,

283

drug-induced long QT syndrome and,

152, 164

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

153, 154

electroencephalographic abnormalities and,

75

laboratory testing for toxicological complications of,

165

Parkinson’s disease and,

385

pulmonary infections and,

269

tobacco-related disorders and,

610

Cluster headaches,

657, 658

Cobalamin deficiency,

139–140, 551

Cocaine

cardiovascular toxicity of,

620

prevalence of use,

617

psychotic symptoms and,

104, 105–106, 513

street and slang names for,

618

Coccidioidomycosis,

378

Co-cyprindiol,

439

Cognition, dysfunctions and impairments of

. See also Bedside cognitive examination; Cognitive disorders; Executive functions; Metacognition

alcohol abuse and,

110

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

252

cancer and neurocognitive complications,

404–410

chemotherapy and changes in,

371–373, 405–407

dementia and,

635–636

Graves’ disease and,

247

hepatitis and,

307

hierarchy of,

32

Huntington’s disease and,

633

hyperparathyroidism and,

205

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

multiple sclerosis and,

361–362

neurocutaneous syndromes and,

491

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

rheumatoid arthritis and,

239

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

242

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

232–233

tests of individual domains,

34–45

thyroid disorders and,

246

vitamin deficiencies and,

551

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

anger in patients with heart disease and,

180

anxiety disorders and,

582

cannabis use disorder and,

616

chronic fatigue syndrome and,

281

depression in diabetes mellitus,

197

depression during menopause,

468

depression in patients with coronary disease,

182

dermatological conditions and,

423

fibromyalgia syndrome and,

655

gastrointestinal disorders and,

295

illness anxiety disorder and,

433, 685

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

rheumatoid arthritis and,

240

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

237

web-based for psychosomatic symptoms in cancer patients,

403

Cognitive disorders

. See also Cognition; Neurocognitive disorders

cardiovascular disease and,

183

neuroimaging findings and,

62–69

Cognitive estimations, and executive functions,

46

Cognitive examination

. See Bedside cognitive examination

Cognitive forcing strategy (CFS), and diagnosis,

5, 9–10, 11

Cognitive monitoring, and insomnia,

664

Cognitive psychology, and diagnosis,

4, 7

Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory,

634

Collateral information, and patient history

. See also Family history

dermatological conditions and,

425

insomnia and,

671

Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale,

439

Coma

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98

cognitive domains and,

34

Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART),

273–274, 275, 382–383

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP),

268

Comorbidity, of psychiatric and/or medical disorders

. See also Medical conditions; Multimorbidity; Psychiatric disorders

chronic pain and,

652–658

Down syndrome and,

487

illness anxiety disorder and,

684

inflammatory diseases and,

231

insomnia and,

665, 667, 668

irritable bowel syndrome and,

291

Klinefelter syndrome and,

486–487

multiple sclerosis and,

364

neurocutaneous syndromes and,

491

neurodevelopmental disorders and,

482

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

576

of panic disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

567

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

sarcoidosis and,

249

somatic symptom disorder and,

682

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

490

Complex motor sequencing, and executive functions,

46

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS),

655–656

Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI),

234

Comprehension, and language function,

38–39

Compulsions, definition of,

575

Compulsive behaviors, and postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder

Computed tomography (CT)

advantage and limitations of,

54

background and history of,

53

clinical applications of,

56

delirium and,

642

dementia and,

635

common neurological disorders and,

70

iodinated contrast and,

56–57

traumatic brain injury and,

373, 374

Concentration, and tests of cognitive domains,

35

Concussions, and mood disorders,

544. See also Postconcussion syndrome

Confidence ratings, of physicians on diagnostic accuracy,

10

Confirmation bias, and causes of diagnostic errors,

8

Confrontational naming,

39

Confusion Assessment Method (CAM),

330, 641

Congestive heart failure,

581

Conn’s syndrome,

220

Conotruncal cardiac defects, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome,

490

Consciousness, disturbance of, and anticholinergic toxicity,

98. See also Catatonia; Cognition; Coma

Consultations

. See also Referrals

management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and,

591

psychiatric symptoms in dermatological patients and,

441

Contamination, and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

577

Contested illnesses, neuropsychiatric presentations of,

280–283

Contraceptives, and premenstrual exacerbation of depressive disorder,

452

Conversion disorder,

530, 679, 681, 685–689, 690

Coordination, and neurological examination,

22

Coping mechanisms, and personality disorders,

184

Copper metabolism, disorders of,

132, 508

Coronary artery bypass surgery,

183

Coronary artery disease (CAD),

176

Coronary heart disease,

608

Cortical sensory testing,

23

Cortisol, and Cushing’s syndrome,

218, 219, 220

Corticosteroids

adrenal insufficiency and,

223, 224

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

253

dermatological conditions and,

439

Hashimoto’s encephalitis and,

246

mood disorders and,

554

multiple sclerosis and,

362

psychotic symptoms and,

235, 513

rheumatoid arthritis and,

240

sarcoidosis and,

250

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

242

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

235–236, 237

Costs

. See Economics

Counseling, and heart transplantation,

188

Countertransference

. See also Transference dermatological conditions and,440–441

emotional factors in diagnosis and,

7

CRAFFT Screening Test,

599

Cranial irradiation, and brain metastases,

408

Cranial nerves, and neurological examination,

18–21

Creatine kinase, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

170

Creatinine, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,

508

Criminal justice system, and substance use disorders,

599

Criteria-based analytic reasoning,

5–6

Crohn’s disease,

301, 302, 553

Cryptococcosis,

274–275

Culture, and cultural factors

psychological and social aspects of women’s mental health and,

469–470

somatic symptom disorder and,

682

Cushing’s syndrome,

218–220, 409–410, 506, 550–551, 581

Cutaneous signs, and physical examination,

17, 18

Cyclophosphamide,

411

Cyclosporine A,

240

Cyclothymia, and multiple sclerosis,

362

Cyproheptadine,

95, 536

Cysticercosis,

378

Cytarabine,

411

Cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, and drug-drug interactions,

186, 187, 412

Cytokines, and immune system,

229, 230

Cytomegalovirus encephalitis,

274

Da Costa, Jacob Mendes,

290

Damocles syndrome,

325

Dantrolene,

90, 91, 536

Dapsone,

439

Death

. See Mortality; Sudden cardiac death

Decision-making, and neurosurgery,

371

Deep vein thrombosis, and catatonia,

534

Defense mechanisms, and denial,

440

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and adrenal insufficiency,

224

Delayed sleep phase disorder,

665, 668

Delirious mania,

536–537

Delirium

alcohol withdrawal syndrome and,

514–515

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98

cancer and,

404–405

cardiac surgery and,

183

catatonia and,

528–529, 531

definition of,

639

depression in cancer patients and,

399

differential diagnosis of dementia and,

635–636

hallucinogens and,

115

hepatic encephalopathy and,

310

laboratory findings in,

641–642

major subtypes of,

639–640

medical conditions and,

501–502

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

86

as neuropsychiatric emergency,

28

neuropsychiatric presentations in,

640–641

renal disease and,

329–331

sepsis-associated as emergency,

267

stem cell transplantation and,

408

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

235

thyroid disorders and,

202

treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes in,

642–644

Delirium tremens (DTs)

benzodiazepines for,

643

management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and,

112, 590

as medical emergency,

594

prevalence of in patients hospitalized for alcohol withdrawal,

110

psychotic symptoms and,

595

Delusion(s)

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

510

dermatological conditions and,

438–439

illness anxiety disorder and,

685

multiple sclerosis and,

512

postpartum psychosis and,

463

Delusional infestation,

282–283

Delusional parasitosis,

426, 430

Dementia

. See also Alzheimer’s disease; Dementia with Lewy bodies; Frontotemporal dementia; Huntington’s disease; Parkinson’s disease dementia; Vascular dementia

definition of,

629

Down syndrome and,

486

etiology and pathogenesis of,

632

laboratory findings in,

635–636

major subtypes of,

630–633

neuroimaging findings in,

62–69

neuropsychiatric presentations of,

633–635

semantic memory and,

42

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

233

treatment of neuropsychiatric syndromes in,

636–639

Dementia care mapping,

639

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)

hallucinations and,

633

memory patterns and,

42

neuroimaging findings in,

65, 68–69

psychotic symptoms and,

510, 632

Demoralization, and renal disease,

323

Demyelinating disease, and neurological examination,

26, 27

Denial, and psychiatric symptoms in dermatological patients,

440–441

Department of Health and Human Services,

597

Depersonalization/derealization, and epilepsy,

356

Depression

. See also Major depressive disorder; Mood disorders; Postpartum depression; Poststroke depression; Vascular depression

acromegaly and,

218

adrenal insufficiency and,

223–224

Alzheimer’s disease and,

547, 634

biliary diseases and,

311

cancer and,

311, 397–400, 553

cardiovascular disease and,

181–182, 349

celiac disease and,

305

cerebral palsy and,

485

chemotherapy and,

372

Cushing’s syndrome and,

220, 551

delirium and,

641

dementia and,

634

dermatological conditions and,

422–423

diabetes mellitus and,

196

epilepsy and,

354, 355, 548–549

folic acid deficiencies and,

138

gastroparesis and,

300

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

246

HIV and,

276, 552

Huntington’s disease and,

546, 634

illness anxiety disorder and,

684–685

inflammation and,

230–231

inflammatory bowel disease and,

301–302, 553

liver disease and,

307–308

medications associated with,

555

menopause and,

466, 468

multiple sclerosis and,

360, 361, 548

neurological disorders and,

346, 350

Parkinson’s disease and,

384, 386, 546

pregnancy and,

453, 464

renal disease and,

320, 332

rheumatoid arthritis and,

238

sarcoidosis and,

249, 250

scleroderma and,

244

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

241–242

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

233–234

testosterone deficiency and,

211–212

thyroid disorders and,

201, 202, 203, 245, 550

traumatic brain injury and,

544

vitamin deficiencies and,

128, 137

zinc deficiency and,

141

Dermatitis artefacta,

433–434

Dermatological conditions

. See also Neurocutaneous syndromes

biological interaction between stress and skin,

420–421

case examples of,

420, 421–422, 424, 436, 437

countertransference and,

440–441

management strategies for in primary care setting,

422–424

as manifestations of psychiatric disorders,

424–435

neuropsychiatric consequences of medications for,

439

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

576–577, 578

in patients with delusions or limited insight,

438–439

prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with,

419

psychological impact of,

421–422

psychopharmacotherapy and,

435–438

Dermatology Life Quality Index,

423

Descriptive analytic reasoning,

5–6

Desensitization therapy, for complex regional pain syndrome,

656

Designer drugs,

618

Desipramine,

96

Detoxification, and opioids,

602, 606

Dexmedetomidine,

593

Dextroamphetamine,

618

Dextromethorphan,

92, 117

Diabetes mellitus,

193–197

Diagnosis

. See also Bedside cognitive examination; Differential diagnosis; Electroencephalography; Laboratory tests; Misdiagnosis; Neuroimaging; Neurological examination

of alcohol use disorders,

589

analytic and nonanalytic reasoning in,

4–6

of cannabis use disorder,

614

of catatonia,

531

cognitive psychology approaches to,

4, 7

confidence ratings on accuracy of,

10

definition of,

4

of insomnia,

665–667

of major depressive disorder in cancer patients,

399

medical causes of psychiatric illness and,

7–8

mixed physical and psychiatric symptomatology in,

8

of neurodevelopmental disorders,

483

of neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

86–87, 88–89

neuropsychiatric disorders and,

6–7

of opioid use disorder,

600

of personality disorders,

184

of premenstrual dysphoric disorder,

451

of serotonin syndrome,

92–93, 94

of somatic symptom and related disorders,

678–680

of stimulant use disorder,

618–619

of tobacco-related disorders,

608–609

of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

102

Diagnostic verification CFS,

10, 11

Dialysis, and renal disease,

320, 321–322, 327, 329, 331, 332–333

Diathesis-stress model, for chronic pain and comorbid psychiatric disorders,

653–654

Diazepam,

593

Diet

. See also Lifestyle modifications; Nutrition; Vitamin deficiencies

diabetes mellitus and,

195

gastrointestinal disorders and,

295

premenstrual mood disorder and,

452

Differential diagnosis

. See also Diagnosis; Misdiagnosis

of anxiety symptoms in cancer patients,

401

of catatonia,

529–531

of conversion disorder,

687–688

of delirium,

635–636, 641, 642

of dementia,

635–636

of factitious disorder,

690

of fibromyalgia syndrome,

655

of illness anxiety disorder,

684–685

of neurodevelopmental disorders,

482–483

of neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87

psychiatric conditions in HIV/AIDS and,

273

of psychological factors affecting other medical conditions,

692

of serotonin syndrome,

93

of somatic symptom disorder,

682

of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

102

Diffuse body pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

579–580

Diffuse encephalopathies,

71, 72

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and cancer patients,

406

Diffusion-weighted MRI imaging,

54, 58–59

Digit span, and tests of working memory,

37–38

Dihydrocodeine,

605

Diltiazem,

186

Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs),

238, 240

Disease-modifying therapies, for multiple sclerosis,

359, 362–364

Disorders of gut-brain interaction

. See Functional gastrointestinal disorders

Disruptive behavior disorders, and Prader-Willi syndrome,

488

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87

Dissociation, and conversion disorder,

687

Dissociative anesthetics,

117, 121–123

Disulfiram,

526, 595–596

DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine), and psychiatric symptoms,

115, 515

Docetaxel,

411

Donepezil

cognitive changes after chemotherapy and,

372

dementia and,

636

drug-drug interactions and,

186

HIV and,

383

torsades de pointes and,

151

Dopamine agonists,

214, 347

Dorsal stream, and language function,

38

Dorsolateral frontal meningiomas,

371

Double-check, of diagnosis made through nonanalytic reasoning,

5

Double simultaneous stimulation test,

23

Down syndrome,

485–486, 487

Dronabinol,

612, 638

Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10),

598, 600

Drug Addiction Treatment Act in 2000,

607

Drug-drug interactions

antibiotics and,

271, 283

antiviral medications and,

271, 274

cardiovascular disease and,

186

drugs with primary psychiatric or primary neurological indications and,

341

mood disorders and,

556

psychiatric medications and agents used in cancer treatment,

410, 411–412, 412

Drug-induced electrolyte abnormalities,

142, 143, 144

Drug-induced hyponatremia,

142, 143, 144

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI),

144–145, 146–147, 148

Drug-induced long QT syndrome,

148–149, 152, 164, 167

Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension,

152–153, 154

Drug resistance, and tuberculosis,

269, 270

Drug testing, for toxicological complications or conditions associated with psychiatric illness,

164–166

DSM-I, and classification of disorders,

6

DSM-III, and criteria-based diagnosis,

6

DSM-IV

alcohol use disorders and,

589

diagnostic criteria for panic disorder and,

566

psychiatric terminology for neuropsychiatric symptoms and,

232

somatic symptom and related disorders and,

678, 679

DSM-IV-TR, and insomnia,

665

DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association 2013)

alcohol use disorders and,

589

analytic reasoning and diagnostic model of,

6

cannabis use disorder and,

614

catatonia and,

524, 528

classification of anxiety disorders and,

563

conversion disorder and,

685

definition of anxiety and,

234

delirium and,

235, 528

delusional disorders and,

426

dementia and,

629

factitious disorder and,

689

fetal alcohol syndrome and,

493

generalized anxiety disorder and,

569–570

insomnia and,

665, 666

major depressive disorder and,

399

mood disorders and,

541

obsessive-compulsive disorders and,

575

postconcussion syndrome and,

374

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

578

premenstrual dysphoric disorder and,

450, 451

somatic symptom disorders and,

653, 678

specific phobia and,

573

stimulant use disorder and,

618

tobacco-related disorders and,

609

vascular dementia and,

631

Dual-stream language-processing networks,

38

Duodenal ulcers,

298

Dysarthria patterns, and neurological examination,

21

Dysdiadochokinesia,

22

Dyskinesia, and neurological examination,

25

Dysmetria,

22

Dysmorphic features, and neurological examination,

17, 18, 482, 483

Dyspepsia,

290–291, 293, 294

Dysphagia,

21, 290, 292–293, 574

Dysphoria, and cancer,

553

Dyspraxia,

43–44

Dysthymia, and Parkinson’s disease,

384

Dystonias, and neurological examination,

25–26

Eastern equine encephalitis,

267–268, 378

Eating disorders

diabetes mellitus and,

196

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

irritable bowel syndrome and,

293

specific phobia and,

574

women’s mental health and,

447

Ebola,

268

Ebstein’s cardiac malformation,

457

Ecchymosis, and Cushing’s syndrome,

219

Echolalia,

40

Economics

costs related to chronic pain,

652

costs related to dementia,

630

impact of wage gap on women,

469

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS),

454, 462

Education

. See Psychoeducation; Self-education

Efavirenz,

274

Ego-dystonic thoughts, and postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder,

463

Ehrlichiosis,

279

Electrocardiogram (ECG),

99, 149

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

254

catatonia and,

533

epilepsy and,

357, 359

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

90

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

Electroencephalography (EEG)

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

251, 253, 504

antipsychotics and,

75

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and,

376, 377

delirium and,

641–642

encephalitis and,

381

Hashimoto’s encephalitis and,

246

history and background of,

69–70

indications for,

52

limbic encephalitides and,

78–79, 80

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions and,

164

psychotic symptoms and,

500

traumatic brain injury and,

375

Electrolytes, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167–168

Emergency

. See also Emergency department

catatonia as,

26, 28

delirious mania as,

537

delirium tremens as,

594

infectious diseases and,

266–268

neuroleptic malignant syndrome as,

28, 87

neuropsychiatric forms of,

28

PCP/ketamine intoxication as,

122

postpartum psychosis as,

453, 462

serotonin syndrome as,

28, 92

Emergency department (ED)

. See also Hospitalization

chest pain related to panic disorder and,

176

migraines and,

365

opioid intoxication and,

601

psychiatric symptoms in dermatological patients and,

439

stimulant use disorder and,

620

substance use disorders and,

588

traumatic brain injury and,

373

Encephalitis, and encephalopathies

. See also Anti-NMDAR encephalitis; Autoimmune encephalitis; Hashimoto’s encephalitis; Herpes simplex encephalitis; Infectious encephalitis; Limbic encephalitis; Toxic encephalitis; Viral encephalitis

catatonia and,

527

electroencephalography and diagnosis of,

71, 72, 73

as emergency,

267–268

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

200

psychiatric symptoms of,

377–381

Endicott criteria, for depression in medically ill,

399, 400

End-of-life planning, and renal disease,

332

Endocrine disorders

. See also Acromegaly; Adrenal insufficiency; Cushing’s syndrome; Diabetes mellitus; Hyperparathyroidism; Hyperprolactinemia; Pheochromocytoma; Polycystic ovary syndrome; Primary aldosteronism; Testosterone deficiency; Thyroid disorders

catatonia and,

528

as causes of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions and,

168–169

mood disorders and,

550–551

psychosis and,

501

Endocrine Society,

141

Endotoxin, and alcoholic hepatitis,

307

End-stage renal disease (ESRD),

319, 332–333

Engel, George,

6

Environmental autonomy, and executive functions,

46

Environmental exposures, and neuropsychiatric toxidromes,

128, 130–136

Environmental Protection Agency,

128

Ephedra species,

126

Epidemics

. See also Pandemics

of infectious diseases,

268, 284

of opioid use,

652

Epidemiology

. See Prevalence

Epigastric pain syndrome,

290–291

Epilepsy

. See also Temporal lobe epilepsy

cerebral palsy and,

484–485

conversion disorder and,

687

depression and,

354, 355, 548–549

definition of as neurological disorder,

339

mood disorders and,

548–549

neurocutaneous syndromes and,

490

psychiatric issues in patients with,

353–359

psychosis and,

511

stigma and,

341

Episodic memory dysfunction,

42

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),

281

Epworth Sleepiness Scale,

34

Erectile dysfunction, and renal disease,

329

Erethism,

136

Ergocalciferol,

141

Erythrocyte transketolase activity (ETKA),

139

Escitalopram,

150, 178, 182

Esophageal disorders,

290, 294

Essential tremor,

25, 383–384, 385–386

Estrogen,

448

Etoposide,

411

Euphoria sclerotica,

548

European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR),

236

Excessive daytime sleepiness,

327, 488

Excited catatonia,

524, 537

Excoriation disorder,

427, 431–432, 488

Executive functions

bedside cognitive examination and,

45, 46

fetal alcohol syndrome and,

493

neurological disorders and,

344

tests of cognitive domains and,

36, 37

Executive Interview Test,

344, 370

Exercise, and exercise programs

cancer patients and,

402–403

fibromyalgia syndrome and,

655

Exposure and response prevention, for obsessive-compulsive disorder,

577

Extreme delta brush activity, and EEG,

79

Face2Gene.com,

17

Facial sensation, and neurological examination,

20–21

Factitious disorder

. See also Malingering

cardiovascular symptoms and,

177

case example of,

690

catatonia and,

530

clinical characteristics of,

681, 689

dermatological conditions and,

428, 433–434

differential diagnosis and comorbidity,

690

epidemiology of,

690

treatment of,

691

Family history

. See also Collateral information

of head size,

16–17

of insomnia,

671

of substance use disorders,

599

Fatigue

cancer patients and,

399, 402–403

cerebral palsy and,

485

chronic fatigue syndrome and,

281

gastroparesis and,

300

multiple sclerosis and,

364

neurological disorders and,

345

poststroke depression and,

352

sarcoidosis and,

249–250

Fatigue Severity Scale,

345

FDG-PET,

64, 66–67, 68

Fear

epilepsy and,

356

worry in generalized anxiety disorder as distinct from,

569

Fentanyl,

332, 601

Fetal alcohol syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),

492–493

Fibromyalgia syndrome,

654–655

Fingolimod,

363

Firearms, suicide risk and access to,

350

“5 A’s” (ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange) model, and tobacco use disorders,

609 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), 76

Fixed-dosage approach, to management of alcohol withdrawal,

592–593

Flashbacks, and hallucinogens,

116

Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory,

577

Fludrocortisone,

153, 223

Fluency, and assessment of language,

39

5-Fluorouracil,

411

Fluoxetine,

182, 450

Fluphenazine,

96, 152

Focus, and tests of cognitive domains,

35

Folic acid deficiency,

138, 170

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH),

211

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

346, 438, 455, 459, 610

4 Ps Plus questionnaire,

599

Fragile X syndrome,

485

Freud, Sigmund,

664–665

Frontal Assessment Battery,

32, 45, 46

Frontal lobe(s), and cerebral lesions,

408–409

Frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE),

71, 73, 75

Frontotemporal dementia,

64, 67–68, 510, 546–547, 632–633

Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy—Cognitive Function,

372

Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT-F),

402

Functional gastrointestinal disorders,

290–295

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI),

60, 61

Functional neuroimaging modalities,

60–62

Functional unawareness syndrome,

687

Fungal meningitis,

378

Fyn activation, and Alzheimer’s disease,

630

Gabapentin,

328

Gadolinium contrast, and MRI,

55, 59

Gait

Angelman syndrome and,

488, 489

neurological examination and,

23–24

Galactorrhea,

213

Galantamine,

636

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB),

117, 118–120

Gastric ulcers,

298

Gastroduodenal disorders,

290–291

Gastroenterological diseases

. See also Celiac disease; Functional gastrointestinal disorders; Gastrointestinal abnormalities; Gastrointestinal pain disorders; Inflammatory bowel disease; Liver; Lymphocytic colitis

autism spectrum disorder and,

311–312

generalized anxiety disorder and,

293, 302, 305

pancreatic and biliary diseases,

310–311

primary disorders of,

298–300

relationship between brain and gastrointestinal tract,

289

Gastroesophageal reflux,

668, 673, 674

Gastrointestinal abnormalities, and anticholinergic toxicity,

98

Gastrointestinal pain disorders,

295–298

Gastroparesis,

299–300

Gegenhalten, and catatonia,

22, 524, 530

Gemcitabine,

411

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

. See also Anxiety disorders

cardiovascular symptoms and,

177

diabetes mellitus and,

196

gastrointestinal disorders and,

293, 302, 305

in general medical setting,

569–573

Graves’ disease and,

247

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245

neurological disorders and,

343

rheumatoid arthritis and,

238–239

sarcoidosis and,

249

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale,

422, 572

Genetic factors, and genetic disorders

in Alzheimer’s disease,

631

catatonia and,

527

in frontotemporal dementia,

632

in gastrointestinal disorders,

292

in mood disorders,

398, 542–543

in pheochromocytoma,

215

psychosis and,

501

vascular dementia as,

631

Gerstmann’s syndrome,

45

Geschwind syndrome,

347–349

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS),

34, 35, 103, 373

Glatiramer,

363

Global aphasia,

40

Global functions, tests of,

32–33

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR),

319

Glucocorticoids,

438, 506

Gluten sensitivity, and celiac disease,

304–306

Gnosis,

44

Graded exercise therapy (GET), and chronic fatigue syndrome,

281

Graft-versus-host disease,

408

Graves’ disease,

200, 247–248, 569

Growth hormone, and acromegaly,

216, 217

Gynecomastia,

213

Habit-reversal therapy, and dermatological conditions,

431

Hallucinations

alcohol use disorders and,

110, 595

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98

dementia with Lewy bodies and,

510, 633

epilepsy and,

356

postpartum psychosis and,

463

stimulant abuse and,

104

Hallucinogens

plants as,

117, 124–127

psychiatric symptoms caused by,

109, 115–116, 515, 516

Haloperidol

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

cardiac effects of,

150, 152, 153, 154, 185

delirium and,

642–643

Hamilton Anxiety Scale,

325

Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,

177, 323

HAND

. See HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder

Hand-washing compulsion, and obsessive-compulsive disorder,

576–577

Hashimoto’s encephalitis,

246, 502–503

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

199, 200, 244–247, 379, 380

Headaches,

365, 378, 571, 656–658. See also Migraine

Head size, and abnormal brain development,

16–17

Health care

. See also Hospitalization; Medical complications; Medical conditions; Physical examination

blood-injection-injury phobia and,

573–574

categorization of patients as either “neurological” or “psychiatric,”

340–341

frequency of anxiety in,

563

management of dermatological conditions in primary care setting,

422–424

prevalence of substance abuse disorders in,

587

quality of for patients with comorbid medical and psychiatric disorders,

425

treatment of anxiety disorders in,

580–582

Hearing, and neurological examination,

21

Heartburn,

290, 292

Heart failure,

179, 668, 672

Heart transplantation,

187–188

Heavy metals,

128, 130–136

Helicobacter pylori,

298–299

Hematin,

509

Hematological disorders, as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

Hematological testing, and laboratory tests for toxicological conditions,

169

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT),

407–408

Hemianesthesia, and malingering,

26

Hemochromatosis,

308, 310

Hemodialysis,

321, 322

Hemoglobin, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

168

Hepatic encephalopathy,

307, 308–309

Hepatitis B virus (HBV),

276–277, 280

Hepatitis C virus (HCV),

276–277, 280, 306, 307, 606

Hepatitis serology,

170

Herbs and herbal remedies

. See Plant(s); St. John’s wort

Hereditary hemochromatosis,

306–307

Heroin,

605

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE),

28, 378, 379, 507

Herpes simplex virus (HSV),

267, 507

HIV

cognitive impairment and,

636

life cycle and treatment of,

272–274

mood disorders and,

551–552

opioid use disorder and,

606

opportunistic infections and,

274–275

prevention of,

275–276

psychiatric complications of,

276, 382–383, 506–507

screening for,

280

HIV-associated dementia,

507

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND),

276, 382–383, 636

HIV Care Continuum initiative,

275

Homeostasis, and immune system,

229

Hoover’s sign, and neurological examination,

26

Hormonal therapy

for depression during perimenopause,

468

for premenstrual dysphoric disorder,

451–452

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS),

237, 240, 325, 349, 399, 422

Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP),

644

Hospitalization

. See also Emergency department; Health care; Intensive care unit

related to opioid misuse and dependence,

597

tobacco-related disorders and,

608

Hostility, in patients with heart disease,

180

Hot flashes, and menopause,

466, 467

HPA axis, and gastrointestinal disorders,

291–292

Human granulocytic anaplasmosis,

279

Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria set,

92, 93, 536

Huntington’s disease,

511–512, 546, 633, 634

Hydrocortisone, and adrenal insufficiency,

223

Hydrogen-1 MRS,

62

Hydroxyurea,

411

Hyperactive delirium,

639–640

Hyperammonemia, and valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

100

Hyperarousal, and tests of cognitive domains,

34

Hypercalcemia, and lithium,

143, 167

Hypercortisolism,

506

Hyperemesis gravidarum,

464–465

Hyperglycemia, and diabetes mellitus,

195

Hyperhidrosis,

438

Hyperkinetic movements,

24

Hypernatremia, and lithium,

143

Hyperparathyroidism,

167, 204–206

Hyperprolactinemia,

212–214

Hypertension, and primary aldosteronism,

221

Hyperthermia

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98

MDMA and GHB,

118

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

87

serotonin syndrome and,

95

Hyperthyroidism

. See also Thyroid disorders

anxiety and,

581

diagnostic and laboratory tests for,

202

Graves’ disease and,

247

lithium and,

169

manifestations of,

199

mood disorders and,

550

panic disorder and,

568–569

psychiatric symptoms of,

201–202, 505–506

Hypnotherapy, and gastrointestinal disorders,

295

Hypoactive delirium,

640

Hypoalbuminemia,

321

Hypocalcemia, and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome,

490

Hypochondriasis,

684

Hypoglycemia, and diabetes mellitus,

196–197, 197–198

Hypogonadism,

210, 213, 329

Hypokinesis, and neurological examination,

26

Hypomagnesemia,

595

Hypomania,

362, 542. See also Mania

Hypomania Checklist–32–Revised,

367

Hyponatremia

cancer patients and,

410

drug-induced,

142, 143, 144

laboratory tests for,

168

psychotic symptoms and,

506

Hypopituitarism, and acromegaly,

218

Hypotension, and anticholinergic toxicity,

99. See also Drug-induced orthostatic hypotension

Hypothyroidism

. See also Thyroid disorders

diagnostic and laboratory tests for,

202

lithium and,

168

manifestations of,

199, 245

mood disorders and,

550

psychiatric symptoms and,

201, 246, 505

Hypoventilation, and sedating drugs,

167

Hypoxemia,

327

ICD-10, and postconcussion syndrome,

374

Ictal psychiatric symptoms, and epilepsy,

354

Ideational apraxia,

44

Ideomotor apraxia,

44

Ifosfamide,

411

Illness anxiety disorder

cardiovascular disease and,

176–177

case example of,

684

clinical characteristics of,

681, 683–684

dermatological manifestations of,

427

differential diagnosis and comorbidity,

684–685

DSM-5 and classification of,

679

epidemiology of,

684

treatment of,

433, 685

Illness behavior, and somatic symptom disorder,

681

Illness scripts,

5

Iloperidone,

153

“Imaging Dementia—Evidence for Amyloid Scanning” (IDEAS) study,

635

Immune system

. See also Autoimmune disorders; Immunotherapy; Infections

contested diseases and,

281

depressive and manic states,

543

inflammation and,

229–230

Immunosuppressants,

411, 502

Immunotherapy, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis,

253–254, 504

Impulsive-compulsive syndrome, of

Parkinson’s disease,

347, 385

Incidence rate ratio (IRR), of autoimmune disorders to psychiatric illness,

283

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO),

231

Infants, and prenatal exposure to psychoactive drugs,

456–460. See also Children; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Pregnancy

Infections, and infectious diseases

. See also Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; HIV; Syphilis; Tick-borne diseases

aggressive behavior and,

484

contested illnesses,

280–283

emergencies and,

266–268

epidemiological linkage of to psychiatric illness,

283

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions and,

170

lumbar puncture and central nervous system,

78

mood disorders and,

551–552

obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and,

576

psychosis and,

501, 506–508

pulmonary infections,

268–272

roles for psychiatrists,

284

of skin,

422

substance use disorders and,

599

web-based resources on,

266

Infectious Disease Society of America,

282

Infectious encephalitis,

377, 378

Inflammation, and inflammatory diseases

. See also Encephalitis; Graves’ disease; Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; Inflammatory bowel disease; Rheumatoid arthritis; Sarcoidosis; Scleroderma; Sjogren’s syndrome; Systemic lupus erythematosus

depressive or manic states and,

543

dermatological conditions and stress,

421, 422

immune system and,

229–230

mood disorders and,

552–553

psychiatric disorders and,

230–231

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD),

300–303, 304, 553

Infliximab,

230, 231

Influenza,

269

Informed consent, and neurosurgery,

371

Innate immune system,

229–230

Insight, dermatological conditions in patients with limited,

438–439

Insomnia

. See also Sleep and sleep disorders

delirium and,

641

dementia and,

634–635

diagnosis of,

665–667

generalized anxiety disorder and,

572

impact of,

664

medical comorbidities and,

667–673

pathophysiology of,

664–665

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

579

pregnancy and treatment of,

461

prevalence of,

663

renal disease and,

327

treatment of,

673, 674

Insomnia Severity Index (ISI),

669

Institute of Medicine,

281, 651, 652

Integrase inhibitors,

273, 274

Intellectual disability,

484–485, 490

Intelligence quotient (IQ), and Klinefelter syndrome,

486

Intensive care unit (ICU)

. See also Hospitalization

alcohol-related disorders and,

588–596

tobacco-related disorders and,

608, 610

Interferon (IFN),

240, 277, 309, 411, 514

Interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs),

270

Interictal personality, of temporal lobe epilepsy,

347–349

Interictal psychosis,

511

International Agency for Research on Cancer,

128

International Association for the Study of Pain,

651–652

International Classification of Headache Disorders,

3rd Edition (ICHD-3), 657

International Cognition and Cancer Task Force (ICCTF),

406

International Expert Consensus (IEC) diagnostic criteria, for catatonia,

534

International Lyme and Associated Diseases Society,

282

Internet-based self-management, and rheumatoid arthritis,

240

Internuclear ophthalmoplegia,

20

Intestinal microbiome, and gastrointestinal disorders,

289, 292, 301, 311

Intoxication

alcohol and,

114

cannabis use disorder and,

614–615

dissociative anesthetics and,

117

MDMA and GHB,

118, 120

opioids and,

601

PCP/ketamine and,

122, 123

sedative-hypnotics and,

113, 114

stimulants and,

619

Intracranial hemorrhage, and computed tomography,

56

Intravenous (IV) hydration, for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87

Involuntary movements, and neurological examination,

24–26

Iodinated contrast, and computed tomography,

54, 56–57

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS),

291, 293, 294, 295

Ischemia, and coronary artery disease,

178

Isoniazid,

270

Isotretinoin,

438, 439

Itch-scratch cycle, and dermatological conditions,

421

Jaw jerk, and facial sensation,

20

Jimsonweed (Datura stramonium),

126

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and Sjogren’s syndrome,

241

Ketamine,

117, 121–123

Khat/qat,

127

Kidney injury, and drug toxicity,

167

Klebsiella,

269

Klinefelter syndrome,

486–487

Korsakoff syndrome,

111, 139, 513, 594, 595

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa),

124, 606–607

Laboratory tests

alcohol use disorders and,

590, 591

anticholinergic toxicity and,

100

catatonia and,

531

delirium and,

641–642

dementia and,

635–636

hyperparathyroidism and,

205

hyperprolactinemia and,

213

insomnia and,

672–673

medical etiologies of anxiety and,

581

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

87, 89

new-onset psychosis and,

500, 501

opioid use disorders and,

600

pheochromocytoma and,

215

sarcoidosis and,

250

serotonin syndrome and,

93, 94

testosterone deficiency and,

211

thyroid disorders and,

202

toxicological complications and conditions associated with psychiatric illness,

164–171

valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy and,

103

Lactation, and psychotropic medications,

465–466

Lactulose, and valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

103

Lamotrigine,

166, 437, 457–458

Language, and language deficits

Angelman syndrome and,

489

bedside cognitive examination and,

38–39, 40

Turner syndrome and,

487

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA),

194

Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI),

269–270

LBD

. See Dementia with Lewy bodies

Lead,

128, 132–134

Learning disorders,

491

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), and cardiovascular disease,

188

Legalization, of marijuana,

613, 614

Legionella spp.,

268

Leptomeningeal disease,

408

Leukoencephalopathy,

407

Leuprolide,

411

Levothyroxine,

199

Lewy bodies

. See Dementia with Lewy bodies

Lexical fluency, and executive functions,

46

Lidocaine patches,

331

Lifestyle modifications

. See also Diet; Exercise

depression in patients with renal disease and,

323

dermatological conditions and,

424

polycystic ovary syndrome and,

208

premenstrual mood disorders and,

452

Light therapy, for sleep-related disorders in older adults,

638. See also Bright light therapy

Limbic encephalitis

. See also Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis

catatonia and,

531

mood disorders and,

552–553

neurodiagnostic testing and,

71, 76, 78–79, 80

NMDAR-associated,

409

psychiatric symptoms of,

250–251

Limb-kinetic apraxia,

44

Line bisection task,

36

Linezolid,

92

Listeria monocytogenes,

267

Listeriosis,

267

Lithium

behavioral symptoms of dementia and,

638

cardiac effects of,

151, 186

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

153

hypernatremia and,

143, 144

laboratory testing for toxicological complications of,

165, 168

mania in cancer patients and,

400–401

pregnancy and,

457

psoriasis and,

437–438

thyroid function and,

168, 203–204

Liver, and liver diseases

assessment for preexisting disease of,

145

benzodiazepines and,

591

clinical presentation of,

307–308

diagnosis of,

308–309

drug-induced injury to,

144–145, 146–147, 148

etiology of,

307

function tests,

111, 171

subtypes and defining criteria of,

306–307

treatment of,

309–310

Locked-in syndrome,

529, 530

Long QT syndrome, drug-induced,

148–149, 152

Lorazepam,

91, 325, 532–533, 594

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), and psychiatric symptoms,

116, 515

Lumbar puncture

background and history of,

76

central nervous system infections and,

78

contraindications to,

76

indications for,

52

limbic encephalitides and,

78–79, 80

Lung cancer,

404, 409

Lurasidone,

153

Luria three-step test,

46

Luteinizing hormone (LH),

209, 211

Lyme disease,

279, 280, 281–282

Lymphocytic colitis,

303

Lysergic acid amide (LSA),

126

Macrocephaly,

16–17

Macrocytic anemia,

551

Magnesium

chronic alcohol use and depletion of,

595

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

advantages and limitations of,

54–55, 57–58

Alzheimer’s disease and,

63, 64, 66

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

253, 504

background and history of,

57

brain tumors and,

408

cancer patients and phobias related to repeated,

401

cognitive changes after chemotherapy and,

372

common neurological disorders and,

70

delirium and,

642

dementia and,

635

diffusion-weighted imaging,

54, 58–59

encephalitis and,

381

gadolinium contrast and,

55, 59

indications for,

52

leukoencephalopathy and,

407

limbic encephalitis and,

79, 80

multiple sclerosis and,

361

psychotic symptoms and,

500

stress associated with,

59

susceptibility-weighted imaging,

55, 59

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

236

T1- and T2-weighted sequences,

54, 58

T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR),

54, 58, 70

traumatic brain injury and,

374, 375, 376, 377

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy,

61–62

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

. See also Depression

cancer patients with,

398

cardiovascular symptoms and,

177

coronary disease and,

181

dermatological conditions and,

423

diabetes mellitus and,

196

Graves’ disease and,

247

menopause and,

466

migraine and,

366

neurological disorders and,

343

Parkinson’s disease and,

385

prevalence of in women,

447

renal disease and,

322–324

sarcoidosis and,

249

suicidal ideation and,

654

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

233–234

Malignant hyperthermia,

529, 530

Malingering

cardiovascular symptoms and,

177

catatonia and,

530

factitious disorder versus,

689, 690

neurological examination and,

26

Mallampati Airway Classification,

672

Management

. See also Prevention; Treatment

of alcohol withdrawal,

592

of anticholinergic toxicity,

95, 97, 100

of depression and anxiety in patients with dermatological conditions,

422–424

of drug-induced liver injury,

145, 148

of drug-induced long QT syndrome,

149, 152

of drug-induced orthostatic hypotension,

153

of pain in patients with renal disease,

331–332

of psychiatric symptoms caused by substance abuse,

120, 123, 129

Manganese,

130

Mania

. See also Bipolar disorder; Delirious mania

adrenal insufficiency and,

224

cancer patients and,

400–401, 553

cardiovascular conditions and,

549

Cushing’s syndrome and,

220, 551

definition of episode,

542

epilepsy and,

549

Graves’ disease and,

248

HIV and,

276, 552

medications associated with,

555, 556

misdiagnosis of,

548

secondary to brain lesions,

342

thyroid disorders and,

202, 550

traumatic brain injury and,

544–545

vascular disease and stroke,

545

Manitoba IBD Epidemiology Database,

302

Mantoux tuberculin skin test,

270

Marijuana, and psychiatric symptoms,

107–108, 515. See also Cannabinoid(s); Cannabis use disorder

“Matchbox sign,” and delusional parasitosis,

426

Maternity leave, impact of on maternal and child health,

470

Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY),

194

MCI

. See Mild cognitive impairment

MDMA

. See 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

Medical clearance criteria, for discharge of medical patient to psychiatric facility,

9, 10

Medical complications

. See also Comorbidity; Medical conditions

of alcohol abuse,

113

of MDMA and GHB,

118–119

of mercury exposure,

136

of PCP/ketamine,

123

of sedative-hypnotic abuse,

113

of serotonin syndrome,

536

Medical conditions

. See also Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Comorbidity; Dermatological conditions; Diabetes mellitus; Endocrine disorders; Gastroenterological diseases; Health care; Infections; Inflammation; Medical complications; Neurological disorders; Physical examination; Renal disease

cannabis-related disorders and,

611–617

case example of misdiagnosis of psychiatric symptoms caused by,

11–12

catatonia caused by,

524–526

diagnosis of psychiatric illness caused by,

7–8

generalized anxiety disorder and,

569–573

insomnia and,

667–673

lead exposure and,

133, 134

mood disorders caused by,

543–553

neurological plus psychiatric symptoms from,

341

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

575–578

opioid-related disorders and,

596–607

panic disorder and,

564–569

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

578–580

psychosis caused by,

501, 501–513

social anxiety disorder and,

574–575

somatic symptom disorder and,

682

specific phobia and,

573–574

stimulant-related disorders and,

617–620

tobacco-related disorders and,

607–611

Medical marijuana,

611, 613

Medications

. See also Antibiotics; Anticonvulsants; Antihistamines; Drug-drug interactions; Hormonal therapy; Opioids; Psychoactive drugs; Side effects

brain tumors and,

510

cannabinoids and,

611

catatonia and,

526, 527

as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

heart disease and psychiatric symptoms due to,

179

insomnia and,

667, 674

mood disorders associated with,

554, 555

neuropsychiatric consequences of dermatological,

439

psychotic symptoms and,

501, 510, 513–516

tobacco-related disorders and,

609

tremor and toxicity of,

25

Meiosis, and anticholinergic toxicity,

98

Melatonin,

326, 327, 405, 638, 644

Memantine,

298, 532, 534

Memory, and bedside cognitive examination,

40–42. See also Short-term memory; Working memory

Meningioma,

371

Meningitis,

78, 267

Meningoencephalitis,

377–381

Menopause, and psychiatric symptoms,

452, 466–468

Menstrual cycle, psychiatric disorders associated with,

449–452

Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008,

588

Mercury,

128, 135

Metabolic disorders

encephalopathies as,

70, 72

psychosis and,

501, 508–509

tremor and,

25

Metacognition, and neurological disorders,

344–345, 382, 383

Metformin,

195, 198, 208, 209

Methadone,

97, 151, 602–603, 604–605, 606

Methamphetamine,

513–514, 617, 620

Methimazole,

203

Methotrexate,

240, 411, 439

Methylene blue,

92

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA),

92, 117, 118–120, 618

Methylphenidate,

618, 643–644

Microdeletion syndromes,

487–490

Microglia, and immune system,

229–230

Middle East respiratory syndrome,

268

Midodrine,

153

Migraine

bipolar disorder and,

342

chronic pain and,

654, 657

generalized anxiety disorder and,

571

neurological symptoms and psychiatric comorbidity,

365–368

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI),

62, 63, 276, 547

Mild traumatic brain injury,

373

Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR),

240

Mini-Cog,

33

Minimata disease,

135

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE),

32, 39, 41, 43, 44, 330, 344

Minocycline,

439

Mirtazapine

centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome and,

297

delirium and,

643

dementia and,

637

depression in cancer patients and,

400

gastrointestinal disorders and,

294, 299, 300

liver disease and,

310

renal disease and,

324

thyroid disorders and,

203

Misdiagnosis

. See also Diagnosis; Differential diagnosis

case example of psychiatric symptoms caused by medical condition and,

11–12

of catatonia,

524

contested illnesses and,

281

controversy on incidence of medical in patients with psychiatric symptoms,

7

of mania,

548

of panic disorder,

566

of postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder,

464

psychiatric symptoms of medical disorders and,

3

of pulmonary infections as depression,

269

stimulant-induced psychoses and,

104

strategies for minimizing medical,

8–10

theory-based strategy to reduce,

10–12

Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS),

631

Mixed delirium,

640

Modified Mini-Mental State Examination,

32

Monitoring, of anticholinergic toxicity,

97. See also Cognitive monitoring

Monitoring the Future study,

613–614

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

cardiovascular effects of in heart disease patients,

184–185

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

152

pheochromocytoma and,

216

pregnancy and,

457

serotonin syndrome and,

90, 92, 535, 536

Month of the year backward test,

36

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA),

32, 39, 41, 43, 344, 372

Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ),

367, 454

Mood disorders

. See also Depression

definition of abnormal mood states,

541–542

genetic factors in,

542–543

medical conditions as causes of,

543–553

medications associated with,

554, 555

migraine and,

367

principles of treatment for,

554, 556

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

233–234

Mood-stabilizing agents

. See also Carbamazepine; Lithium; Valproate

abnormal mood states and,

556

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

delirium and,

643

dementia and,

637–638

drug-induced liver injury and,

145, 147

pregnancy and,

453, 457–458

torsades de pointes and,

151

Moraxella,

268

Morgellons disease,

426

Morphine,

332

Mortality

. See also Sudden cardiac death

Angelman syndrome and,

489

antipsychotics for elderly patients with dementia,

509

depression in cancer patients and,

398

depression in patients with coronary disease and,

182

diagnosis of cancer and,

553

encephalitis and,

267

maternity leave and rate of for infants,

470

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

90

opioid overdoses and,

597

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

pulmonary infections and,

268

tobacco-related disorders and,

607–608, 611

Turner syndrome and,

487

Motivational enhancement therapy, for substance use disorders,

616, 620

Motor functions, and neurological examination,

21–22

Motor vehicle collisions, and cannabis intoxication,

615

Movement disorders, and anti-NMDAR encephalitis,

251. See also Parkinson’s disease

Multidrug resistance (MDR), and tuberculosis,

270

Multimorbidity, and cerebral palsy,

485

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN-2),

568

Multiple sclerosis,

26, 27, 359–364, 512, 547–548

Munchausen syndrome,

689

Muscle rigidity, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

86, 88, 93

Music therapy, for dementia in older adults,

638

Mutism, and catatonia,

524

Mycobacterium,

270

Mycoplasma pneumoniae,

268

Myocardial infarction,

180

Myocarditis,

164

Myoclonus, and serotonin syndrome,

93

Myofascial pain syndrome,

655

Myoglobinuria, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87

Myxedema,

199, 200, 201, 505

Nabilone,

612

Naloxone,

602, 604

Naltrexone,

596, 601, 605

Naming ability, and language,

38

Narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS),

296–298

Narcotics Anonymous,

606

National Comorbidity Survey,

367

National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN),

402

National Health Interview Survey,

608–609

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey,

141

National HIV/AIDS Strategy,

275

National Institute on Drug Abuse single-item drug use screen (NIDA-1),

598, 599, 600

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherché et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN),

68

National Institutes of Health (NIH),

207, 613, 665

National Population Health Survey (NPHS),

301

National Survey on Drug Use and Health,

468, 614

Nausea, anticipatory in cancer patients,

403

Nefazodone,

186

Neisseria meningitidis,

267

NEO Five-Factor Inventory,

348

Neologism,

40

Neonatal adaptation syndrome,

456

Neoplasms, and mood disorders,

543–544

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus,

144

Neural tube defects,

458

Neurasthenia, and mercury exposure,

135

Neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure,

493

Neurocognitive disorders, and psychotic symptoms,

509–511. See also Cognitive disorders; Delirium; Dementia

Neurocognitive profile, and Klinefelter syndrome,

486

Neurocognitive testing, and psychiatric complications of HIV,

276

Neurocutaneous syndromes,

17, 18, 490–491

Neurodegenerative disorders,

546–547

Neurodevelopmental disorders

. See also Cerebral palsy; Down syndrome; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Fragile X syndrome; Klinefelter syndrome; Microdeletion syndromes; Neurocutaneous syndromes; Nonverbal learning disorder; Turner syndrome

classification of,

481–482

diagnosis of,

481, 482, 483

differential diagnosis of,

482–483

medical etiologies of aggressive behavior and,

484

Neurodevelopmental signs (soft signs),

17–18, 19

Neurodiagnostic testing

. See Electroencephalography; Lumbar puncture; Neuroimaging

Neuroendocrine conditions, and psychotic symptoms,

505–506

Neurofibrillary tangles, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy,

376

Neurofibromatosis type I,

18, 491, 568

Neuroimaging

. See also Computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging

findings in dementia and neurocognitive disorders,

62–69, 635

functional modalities of,

60–62

indications for,

52

limbic encephalitides and,

78–79, 80

structural modalities of,

53–60

Neuro-immuno-cutaneous system, and dermatological conditions,

420

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

catatonia and,

534–535

clinical presentation and diagnosis of,

86–87, 88–89

differential diagnosis of,

87, 93

as emergency,

28, 87

epidemiology of and risk factors for,

86

treatment of,

87, 90, 91

Neurological disorders

. See also Chronic traumatic encephalopathy; Encephalitis; Epilepsy; HIV; Migraine; Multiple sclerosis; Neurodevelopmental disorders; Neurological examination; Neurosurgery; Parkinson’s disease; Stroke; Temporal lobe epilepsy; Traumatic brain injury

aggressive behavior and,

484

apathy and,

345–346

bidirectional relationship between psychiatric disorders and,

351

brain conditions treated by neurosurgery,

368–371

catatonia and,

526–527, 528

categorization of patients as “psychiatric” or “neurological,”

340–341

definition of,

339

depression and,

350

executive function and,

344

fatigue and,

345

metacognition and,

344–345

mood disorders and,

543–549

pain and,

349

pseudobulbar affect and,

346–347

psychiatric symptoms of,

340, 343

psychotic symptoms and,

501

stigma of,

341

suicide risk and,

350–351

Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E),

348, 349

Neurological examination

. See also Neuropsychiatric examination; Neuropsychological testing; Physical examination

coordination and,

22

cranial nerves and,

18–21

demyelinating disease and,

26, 27

embellishment and malingering,

26

gait and balance,

23–24

involuntary movements and,

24–26

motor function and reflexes,

21–22

neurodevelopmental signs and,

17–18, 19

neuropsychiatric formulation and,

28–29

physical examination and,

15–17

rating scales for,

17

sensation and,

23

Neuropsychiatric disorders, diagnosis of,

6–7. See also Neurological disorders

Neuropsychiatric examination, basic toolkit for,

16

Neuropsychiatric formulation, and neurological examination,

28–29

Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI),

348, 634

Neuropsychiatric toxidromes

. See also Neuroleptic malignant syndrome; Serotonin syndrome

anticholinergic toxicity,

95–103

definition of,

85

drugs of abuse and,

103–128, 129

environmental exposures to heavy metals,

128, 130–136

laboratory tests for,

164–171

micronutrient deficiencies and,

128, 137–142

valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

100, 102–103

Neuropsychological testing, and cognitive deficits in Sjogren’s syndrome,

243. See also Neurological examination

Neurosarcoidosis,

249

Neurosurgery, and brain conditions,

368–371

Neurosyphilis,

170, 278–279, 507. See also Syphilis

Niacin,

137–138, 595

Nicotinamide,

138

Nicotine

. See Tobacco-related disorders Nicotine Anonymous,609

Nicotine replacement treatment (NRT),

608, 610

Nightmares, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

579

NMDAR-associated psychiatric illness,

380. See also Anti-NMDAR encephalitis

NMS-like syndromes,

86

Nocturnal seizures,

668

Noise, and stress from MRI scanning,

59

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis,

306, 308, 310

Nonanalytic reasoning, and diagnosis,

4–5

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE),

71, 73, 75

Nonlateralizing neurological signs,

18, 19

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

combined with triptans for migraine,

365

for depressive and manic states,

555

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

580

psychiatric side effects of,

240

renal disease and,

331

rheumatoid arthritis and,

238, 240

Nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD),

491–492

Nortriptyline,

465

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans),

124

Nutrition

. See also Diet; Vitamin deficiencies

as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

choking phobia and,

574

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions and,

170

micronutrient deficiencies and,

128, 137–142

neurological disorders and,

343

Obesity

Cushing’s syndrome and,

218, 219

insomnia and,

672

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

Obsessions, definition of,

575

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

dermatological conditions and,

427, 430

in general medical setting,

575–578

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245

postpartum period and,

463–464

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

tics and,

24

Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory–Revised,

577

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

cardiovascular disease and,

183

cognitive domains and,

34

insomnia and,

668, 671, 672, 674

physical examination and,

17

renal disease and,

327–328

Obtundation, and cognitive domain,

34

Ocrelizumab,

363

Ocular motility, and neurological examination,

19

Olanzapine

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

delirium and,

643

drug-induced long QT syndrome and,

152

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

153, 154

EEG abnormalities and,

75

Parkinson’s disease and,

385

Older adults

. See also Age; Alzheimer’s disease

antipsychotic use in,

637, 643

avoidance of benzodiazepines for,

638

insomnia in,

663

pharmacokinetics and treatment of dementia in,

636

phenomenology of depression in,

634

psychotic side effects of anticholinergic medications in,

514

somatic symptom disorder in,

680–681

vascular depression in,

545

vitamin deficiencies and psychiatric symptoms in,

551

Olfaction, loss of as sign of neurodegenerative disease,

18–19

“Ophelia syndrome,”

379

Ophthalmopathy, and Graves’ disease,

247

Opioid(s)

. See also Opioid use disorders

cannabis use by pain patients and,

612–613

epidemic and overdose deaths from,

652

fibromyalgia syndrome and,

655

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

mood disorders and,

555

narcotic bowel syndrome and,

296–298

overdoses of,

597, 601

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

580

psychiatric symptoms and,

104

renal disease and,

331, 332

serotonin syndrome and,

92

Opioid use disorders, medical conditions associated with,

589, 596–607

Opportunistic infections, and HIV,

274–275

Optic nerve, and neurological examination,

19

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN),

20

Oral reflexes,

22

Orbital groove meningiomas,

371

Organ transplantation, and renal disease,

320, 326

Orientation, and tests of cognitive domains,

34–35

Orthostatic hypotension,

581

Osteoporosis, and Cushing’s syndrome,

219

Ostomy surgery, psychological adjustment after,

312

Ovarian teratoma,

251, 379, 409, 464, 503

Oxcarbazepine, and drug-induced hyponatremia,

142, 143

Paclitaxel,

411

Pain

aggressive behavior and,

484

buprenorphine and,

607

cerebral palsy and,

485

definition of chronic,

651–652

gastrointestinal disorders and,

295–298

generalized anxiety disorder and,

571

neurological disorders and,

349

opioid use disorders and,

599

poststroke depression and,

352

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

579–580

psychiatric comorbidity and,

652–658

renal disease and management of,

331–332

Palilalia,

40

Palmomental reflex,

22

Pancreatic cancer,

310–311

Pandemics, of influenza,

269

Panic attacks

definition of panic disorder and,

564

gastrointestinal symptoms and,

293

medical causes of,

565

pheochromocytoma and,

215

specific phobia and,

574

Panic disorder

cardiovascular symptoms and,

176, 177

celiac disease and,

305

gastrointestinal disorders and,

293

in general medical setting,

564–569

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

renal disease and,

326

sarcoidosis and,

249

scleroderma and,

244

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis (PLE),

79, 409–410, 503, 553. See also Limbic encephalitis Paranoid delusions, 640

Paraparetic gait,

24

Paraphasia,

40

Parathyroidectomy,

205

Parietal lobe lesions,

409

Parkinsonism

differential diagnosis of catatonia and,

530

gait examination and,

23, 24

tremor and,

25

Parkinson’s disease

dementia and,

632

depression and,

384, 386, 546

hypokinesis and,

26

impulsive-compulsive syndrome of,

347

mood disorders and,

546

motor disorders and tremor,

383, 384–385

psychosis and,

511

Paroxetine

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

lactation and,

465

premenstrual mood disorders and,

450

renal disease and,

321

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND),

566

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT),

178, 564–566

Pathological laughing and crying (PLC), and multiple sclerosis,

548

Pathophysiological analytic reasoning,

5, 6

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9),

323, 342, 374, 422, 454, 462

Patient history

. See also Collateral information; Family history

causes of diagnostic errors and,

7

infectious diseases and,

266

insomnia and,

669–671

neurological disorders and,

342, 343

new-onset psychotic symptoms and,

499

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010,

588

Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS),

282, 576

Peduncular hallucinosis,

510

Pellagra,

137–138

Pembrolizumab,

411

Pemetrexed,

411

Penicillin,

278–279, 507

Peptic ulcer disease,

298–299

Periodic catatonia,

524

Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD),

328, 668

Peritoneal dialysis,

321–322

Perphenazine,

96, 153, 154

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN),

456

Personality disorders

cardiovascular disease and,

183–184

chronic pain and,

653

conversion disorder and,

686

dermatological conditions and,

429, 434–435

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

235

Pessimism, in patients with dermatological conditions,

441

Peyote/mescaline,

124

Phencyclidine (PCP),

117, 121–123, 515

Phenelzine,

303

Pheochromocytoma,

214–216, 568, 581

Phobias, and cancer treatment,

401. See also Social phobia; Specific phobia

Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors,

186, 329

Physical examination

. See also Neurological examination

causes of diagnostic errors and,

7

dermatological conditions and comprehensive,

424–425

generalized anxiety disorder and,

572–573

insomnia and,

672

neurological examination and,

15–17

new-onset psychotic symptoms and,

499–500, 501

Physical manifestations, of obsessive-compulsive disorder,

576–577

Physical therapy, for complex regional pain syndrome,

656

Physiological tremor,

25

Physostigmine,

101

Pimavanserin,

385, 511, 637

Pimozide,

150, 430

Pittsburgh Agitation Scale,

634

Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,

374

Place orientation, testing of,

35

Plant(s), as hallucinogens,

117, 124–127

Plantar reflex,

21–22

Platelet count, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

169

Pneumonia,

268–269

Pollution, and heavy metal exposure,

128

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS),

206–209

Polypharmacy, and anticholinergic medications,

514

Polysomnography, and insomnia,

326, 673

Porphyria,

438

Positron emission tomography (PET),

60–61, 64, 80, 635

Post-Concussion Symptom Scale,

374

Postconcussion syndrome,

374

Posterior dominant rhythm (PDR), and EEG,

72

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES),

408

Postictal psychosis,

511

Postinfectious syndromes, and contested illnesses,

281–282

Postpartum blues,

462

Postpartum depression,

461–462, 463–464

Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder,

463–464

Postpartum period, psychiatric disorders during,

453, 461–465

Postpartum psychosis,

453, 454, 462–463

Postprandial distress syndrome,

291

Poststroke depression (PSD),

351–353

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

cancer and,

401

cardiovascular disease and,

182–183

gastrointestinal disorders and,

293

in general medical settings,

578–580

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

MDMA and,

117

migraine and,

367

multiple sclerosis and,

364

prevalence of in women,

447

scleroderma and,

244

traumatic brain injury and,

373

Potassium, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

Potentially lateralizing neurological signs,

18, 19

Powassen virus,

279

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS),

487, 488, 527

Pramipexole,

328

Praxis, and bedside cognitive examination,

43–44

Prediction of Alcohol Withdrawal Severity Scale (PAWSS),

591

Prednisone,

400

Preeclampsia,

464

Preexposure prophylaxis, and HIV prevention,

275

Pregnancy

. See also Lactation

alcohol use disorders and,

596, 597

adrenal insufficiency and,

223

hyperprolactinemia and,

212

insomnia during,

461

opioid use disorders and,

606

psychiatric disorders during,

452–454

psychoactive drugs during,

455–460

substance abuse and,

469, 599

Prehension behavior, and executive functions,

46

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD),

449–452

Premenstrual exacerbation of a depressive disorder (PME-DD),

449–452

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS),

449–452, 467

Prevalence

of cigarette smoking,

607

of dementia,

630

of depression in cancer patients,

397–398

of depression in patients with heart disease,

181

of depression during pregnancy,

453

of diabetes mellitus,

194

of end-stage renal disease,

319

of illness anxiety disorder,

684

of insomnia,

663

of mood and anxiety disorders in women,

447

of multiple sclerosis,

360–361

of obsessive-compulsive disorder,

575

of panic disorder,

564, 567

of personality disorders,

434

of postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder,

463

of posttraumatic stress disorder,

578

of psychiatric disorders in patients with dermatological conditions,

419

of psychiatric disorders in patients with renal disease,

322

of psychiatric symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus,

232, 235

of somatic symptom disorder,

680

of substance use disorders in medical setting,

587

Prevention

of delirium in patients with renal disease,

330

of drug-induced liver injury,

145

of HIV,

275–276

of infectious diseases,

284

of relapses in treatment of opioid disorders,

603–604

of tuberculosis,

272

Primary aldosteronism,

220–222

Primary gastrointestinal diseases,

298–300

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA),

67, 632–633

Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS),

359

Primidone,

386

Primitive reflexes,

22

Probabilistic analytic reasoning,

6

Problem-solving psychotherapy, for depression in patients with coronary disease,

182

Procarbazine,

411

Processing speed, and tests of cognitive domains,

35

Prochlorperazine,

96

Prodopaminergic agents, and obsessive-compulsive behavior,

576

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML),

275

Prolactin, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

169. See also Hyperprolactinemia

Propranolol,

248, 366, 386, 593

Propylthiouracil,

203

Prosody, and assessment of language,

39–40

Prostatic hypertrophy,

668

Proteinuria,

321

Proverb interpretation, and executive functions,

46

Pruritus,

421, 432

Pseudobulbar affect,

346–347, 362

Pseudobulbar palsy, and neurological examination,

21

Pseudodysphagia,

574

Psilocybin,

126

Psoralen ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B,

439

Psoriasis, and lithium,

437–438

pSS

. See Sjogren’s syndrome

Psychiatric disorders

. See also Anxiety disorders; Autism spectrum disorder; Bipolar disorder; Comorbidity; Major depressive disorder; Obsessive-compulsive disorder; Panic disorder; Personality disorders; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Psychiatric symptoms; Psychotic disorders; Somatic symptom disorder

bidirectional relationship between neurological disorders and,

351

chronic pain and,

652–658

definition of,

339

dermatological manifestations of,

424–435

diabetes mellitus and,

193–194

diagnosis of medical causes of,

7–8

epidemiological linkage of infections to,

283

fetal alcohol syndrome and,

493

inflammation and,

230

liver disease and,

308

in patients with heart disease,

179–184

postpartum period and,

461–465

Prader-Willi syndrome and,

488

pregnancy and,

452–461

prevalence of in patients with dermatological conditions,

419

pubertal transition and menarche,

448–449

substance use disorders and,

599

tobacco-related disorders and,

608

Psychiatric symptoms

. See also Psychiatric disorders; Psychological symptoms; Psychosis

acromegaly and,

218

adrenal insufficiency and,

223–224

Alzheimer’s disease and,

547

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

252–254, 504

cardiovascular disease and,

175–179

case example of misdiagnosis of medical condition and,

11–12

contested illnesses and,

280–283

Cushing’s syndrome and,

220

dermatological conditions and,

420–424, 438

diabetes mellitus and,

196

encephalitis and,

377–381

Graves’ disease and,

247–248

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and,

245–247

HIV and,

273, 276

hyperparathyroidism and,

205

hyperprolactinemia and,

214

limbic encephalitis and,

250–251

menopause and,

466–468

neurological disorders and,

340, 343

pheochromocytoma and,

216

polycystic ovary syndrome and,

207, 209

pregnancy and new-onset,

464

primary aldosteronism and,

222

rheumatoid arthritis and,

238–241

sarcoidosis and,

249

scleroderma and,

244

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

241–243

substance abuse and,

103–128, 129

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

232–237

testosterone deficiency and,

211–212

thyroid disorders and,

201–202

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

489

vitamin B deficiencies and,

137, 140

Psychiatrists

. See also Consultations; Countertransference; Referrals; Transference

infectious diseases and roles for,

268, 284

long-term management of psychiatric comorbidities of multiple sclerosis,

364

prevention of HIV and,

275–276

roles for in disaster preparedness,

268

roles for in neurosurgery,

368–369

tuberculosis prevention and,

272

Psychoactive drugs

. See also Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Anxiolytics; Benzodiazepines; Drug-drug interactions; Medications; Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; Mood-stabilizing agents; Sedative-hypnotics; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; Side effects; Stimulants

anticholinergic toxicity and,

100, 101

cancer patients and,

401

delirium and,

642–644

dementia and,

636–638

dermatological conditions and,

435–438

diabetes mellitus and,

198

epileptic patients with current or past psychiatric comorbidity,

354–355, 357

lactation and breast-feeding,

465–466

liver disease and,

309, 310

lymphocytic colitis and,

303

menopause and psychiatric symptoms,

468

neuroleptic malignant syndrome and,

90, 91

peptic ulcer disorder and,

299

pregnancy and,

455–461

renal disease and dosing of,

321

serotonin syndrome and,

95

thyroid disorders and,

203

Psychoeducation, and dermatological conditions,

424

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES),

71, 75, 353, 687

Psychogenic polydipsia,

144

Psychogenic tremor,

25

Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions (PFAOMC),

679, 680, 681, 691–692

Psychological symptoms, of cannabis withdrawal,

615

Psychology

impact of dermatological conditions on,

420, 421–422, 423–424

social and cultural aspects of women’s mental health and,

469–470

Psychopharmacology

. See Psychoactive drugs

Psychosis, and psychotic symptoms

. See also Psychotic disorders

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

252

cannabis use disorder and,

615

Cushing’s syndrome and,

220

delirium and,

640

dementia and,

633

diabetes mellitus and,

197

encephalitis and,

379, 380

epilepsy and,

355

hallucinogens and,

115, 116

liver disease and,

308

marijuana-induced,

104

medical conditions as cause of,

501, 501–513

medical evaluation of new-onset,

499–500, 501

multiple sclerosis and,

360, 362

Parkinson’s disease and,

385

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234–235, 237

stimulant-induced,

104

thyroid disorders and,

201, 202

Psychosocial assessment, and diagnosis of centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome,

297

Psychosocial interventions

for cannabis use disorder,

616

for depression in cancer patients,

400

for opioid disorders,

605–606

for tobacco-related disorders,

609

Psychosomatic symptoms, in cancer patients,

402–404

Psychotherapy

. See also Cognitive-behavioral therapy; Motivational enhancement therapy; Psychosocial interventions; Supportive-expressive psychotherapy

anxiety disorders and,

582

conversion disorder and,

688–689

dermatological conditions and,

423, 436

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

577

organ transplantation and,

326

poststroke depression and,

352

somatic symptom disorder and,

683

Psychotic disorders

. See also Postpartum psychosis; Psychosis; Schizophrenia

cardiovascular disease and,

182

dermatological conditions and,

426, 427, 430

Ptosis, and neurological examination,

20

Puberty, psychiatric disorders associated with in women,

448–449

Public health

. See also Epidemics

postpartum depression and,

461

tobacco-related disorders and,

611

Pull test, for postural instability,

23, 24

Pulmonary infections,

268–272

Pupillary diameters, and neurological examination,

19, 20

QT prolongation

. See also Drug-induced long QT syndrome

anticholinergic toxicity and,

99

antipsychotics and,

185

drugs used in cancer treatment and,

412

Quality of life (QOL) assessment tools,

423

Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease (QUIP),

347, 385

Quetiapine

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

delirium and,

643

dementia and,

637

drug-induced long QT syndrome and,

152

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

153, 154

EEG abnormalities and,

75

gastrointestinal disorders and,

295, 298

Parkinson’s disease and,

385

pregnancy and,

458

Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology—Self Report,

323

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,

668

Rating scales, for neurological issues,

17, 343, 348. See also Screening

Receptive aprosodia,

40

Referrals

. See also Consultations

dermatological conditions and,

423, 439

illness anxiety disorder and,

685

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

577

Reflection-based cognitive forcing strategy,

10

Reflexes, and neurological examination,

21–22

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy,

655–656

Relapses

of multiple sclerosis,

359, 362, 364

treatment of opioid disorders and,

603–604, 607

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS),

359, 360

Reminiscence therapy, for dementia,

639

Renal disease

. See also Dialysis

delirium and,

329–331

frequency of psychiatric diagnoses in patients with,

319

mood and affective disorders,

322–328

pain management and,

331–332

physical and psychosocial challenges for patients with,

320–321

psychiatric medications and,

321

sexual dysfunction and,

328–329

treatment nonadherence and suicide,

332–333

Renal function testing, for toxicological complications and conditions,

167–168

Repetition aprosodia,

40

Respiratory acidosis,

167

Respiratory depression, and anticholinergic toxicity,

99

Respiratory diseases, as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

Respiratory infections, and catatonia,

534

Restless legs syndrome (RLS),

328, 668, 673, 674

Retrograde memory,

41

Rheumatoid arthritis,

238–241, 655

Ribavirin,

309

Rifampin, and rifapentine,

270

Rinné test, and hearing,

21

Risperidone,

75, 152, 153, 154

Rituximab,

363, 411

Rivastigmine,

186, 636–637

Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire,

374

Rocky Mountain spotted fever,

279

Romberg’s test, and balance,

23, 24

Rome IV criteria, for functional gastrointestinal disorders,

290

Rotterdam criteria, for polycystic ovary syndrome,

207

Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) criteria,

144, 146–147

Saccadic intrusions, and neurological examination,

19

St. John’s wort, and serotonin syndrome,

92

Salford Psoriasis Index,

423

Salvia,

124

Sarcoidosis,

248–250

Schizophrenia

autoimmune disorders and severe infections,

231

cardiovascular disease and,

182

celiac disease and,

305

dermatological conditions and,

427

diabetes mellitus and,

197

irritable bowel syndrome and,

293

NMDAR hypofunction and,

504

obsessive-compulsive disorder and,

576

pregnancy and,

453

substance abuse and misdiagnosis of,

104

22q11.2 deletion syndrome and,

489

velocardiofacial syndrome and,

505

Scientific method, and diagnosis,

4

Scleroderma,

243–244

Sclerosing cholangitis,

311

Screening

. See also Rating scales

for alcohol use disorders,

589–590

algorithm to identity patients with psychiatric symptoms of medical disease,

9

bedside cognitive examination and,

33–34

for cannabis use disorder,

614

for depression and anxiety in patients with dermatological conditions,

422–423

for depression in patients with renal disease,

323

global cognitive assessment and,

32

for HIV,

272, 277, 280

for opioid use disorders,

598–600

of pregnant and postpartum women,

453–454, 462

for suicidal ideation in patients with renal disease,

333

for syphilis,

280

for trauma exposure,

580

Script theory, and diagnosis,

4–5

Scurvy,

128, 137

Seasonal influenza,

269

Seborrheic dermatitis,

438

Secondary gain, and somatic symptom disorder,

683

Secondary headaches,

657, 658

Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS),

359

Secondary syphilis,

378

Second opinions, and diagnostic accuracy,

11

Sedative-hypnotics,

109, 113–114, 461

Seizures

. See also Epilepsy; Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures

alcohol use disorders and,

594, 595

catatonia and,

530

electroencephalography and,

70, 72–73, 74, 75

fragile X syndrome and,

485

psychotic symptoms and,

511

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

anticholinergic toxicity and,

96

anxiety disorders in general medical setting,

581

anxiety in heart disease patients and,

181

cardiovascular effects of in heart disease patients,

184

chemotherapeutic agents and,

410, 412

dementia and,

637

dermatological conditions and,

423

drug-induced hyponatremia and,

142, 143

gastrointestinal disorders and,

294

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

liver disease and,

309

menopause and,

468

mood disorders and,

554

peptic ulcer disorder and,

299

pregnancy and,

455–457

premenstrual mood disorders and,

450–451

renal disease and,

324

rheumatoid arthritis and,

240–241

serotonin syndrome and,

90, 92

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

237

Self-education, and posttraumatic stress disorder,

579

Self-harming behavior

borderline personality disorder and,

435

dermatological conditions and,

440

factitious disorder and,

690

Semantic memory, and bedside cognitive examination,

42–43

Semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia,

633

Sensation, and neurological examination,

23, 26

Sensory ataxia, and gait,

24

Sepsis, as emergency,

266–267

Serious mental illness (SMI), and diabetes mellitus,

197

Serotonergic system, and estrogen,

448

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

cancer medications and,

412

centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome and,

297

dementia and,

637

depression in cancer patients and,

400

dermatological conditions and,

423

electrolyte abnormalities due to,

143

gastrointestinal disorders and,

294

menopause and,

468

mood disorders and,

554

pregnancy and,

457

serotonin syndrome and,

92

Serotonin receptor agonists, and migraine,

365

Serotonin syndrome

catatonia and,

535–536

clinical presentation and diagnosis of,

92–93, 94

as emergency,

28, 92

psychopharmacology and,

90, 92, 99

Sertraline

for depression in patients with coronary disease,

182

lactation and,

465

lymphocytic colitis and,

303

for premenstrual mood disorders,

450

rheumatoid arthritis and,

240

Set shifting and response inhibition, and executive functions,

46

Severe acute respiratory syndrome,

268

Severity Measure for Panic Disorder,

326

Sexual dysfunction

cardiovascular disease and,

183

hyperprolactinemia and,

214

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

renal disease and,

328–329

Sexually transmitted diseases,

279. See also Syphilis

SGA

. See Antipsychotics

Shared psychotic disorder,

430

Shift work disorder,

668, 674

Short-term memory, compared to working memory,

37

Sialorrhea, and anticholinergic toxicity,

98

Sibutramine, and serotonin syndrome,

92

Sick role, and factitious skin disorder,

433

Side effects, of medications

. See also Neuroleptic malignant syndrome; Serotonin syndrome

aggressive behavior as form of,

484

antibiotics and psychiatric symptoms as,

271

antidepressant-associated in patients with renal disease,

324

antiviral medications and psychiatric symptoms as,

271

corticosteroids and severe psychiatric symptoms as,

554

medications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder and,

568

neuropsychiatric consequences of dermatological drugs,

439

rheumatoid arthritis and psychiatric symptoms as,

240

Sildenafil,

329

Silent myocardial ischemia,

178, 179

Simvastatin,

363

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT),

61, 62, 64, 65, 69

Siponimod,

363

Sitophobia,

574

Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS),

241–243

Skindex,

423

Sleep and sleep disorders

. See also Insomnia

Angelman syndrome and,

489

breast feeding and disruption of,

465–466

cancer and,

403–404

logs or diaries of,

671

menopause and,

467

neurological disorders and,

343

renal disease and,

326–328

tests of cognitive domains and,

34

SMART Recovery,

606

Smoking cessation therapy,

608, 609

Social issues, and cultural aspects of women’s mental health,

469–470

Social phobia (social anxiety disorder)

celiac disease and,

305

in general medical setting,

574–575

Graves’ disease and,

247

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

scleroderma and,

244

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

Social support, and depression in patients with renal disease,

323. See also Psychosocial interventions; Support groups

Social work, and consultation for alcohol withdrawal syndrome,

591

Sodium levels

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion and,

410

Soft signs, neurological,

17–18, 19, 482, 483

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD)

cardiovascular disease and,

175–177

case example of,

680

chronic pain and,

653

conversion disorder and,

686

dermatological conditions and,

427, 432–433

differential diagnosis and comorbidity in,

682

epidemiology of,

680–681

generalized anxiety disorder and,

570

multiple sclerosis and,

360

pathophysiology and etiology of,

681–682

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

579

treatment of,

682–683

Somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRDs),

677, 678, 679, 680. See also Conversion disorder; Factitious disorder; Illness anxiety disorder; Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions; Somatic symptom disorder

Somatosensory extinction, and neurological examination,

23

Somnolence

. See also Excessive daytime sleepiness

anticholinergic toxicity and,

98

cognitive functions and,

34

Spanish flu pandemic (1918),

269

Specific phobia,

234, 573–574

Speech, and language,

38

Spinal accessory nerve, and neurological examination,

21

Spontaneous smile, and symmetrical smile,

20–21

Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) criteria,

466

States, and legalization of marijuana,

613, 614

Status epilepticus, as emergency,

28

Steatosis,

306

Stein-Leventhal syndrome

. See Polycystic ovary syndrome

Stem cell transplantation,

407–408

Sternbach criteria, and serotonin syndrome,

92, 93, 536

Steroids, and mania in cancer patients,

400. See also Corticosteroids

Stevens-Johnsons syndrome (SJS),

437

Stigma

dermatological conditions and,

421

neurological disorders and,

341

Stimulant(s)

. See also Amphetamines; Cocaine; Methamphetamine

cancer patients and,

400, 403, 405

cardiac effects of,

185–186

delirium and,

643–644

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder and,

383

overdoses of,

619

pregnancy and,

460

psychiatric symptoms caused by,

104, 105–106, 513–514

Stimulant-related disorders,

617–620

STOP-Bang Scoring Model,

671

Streptococcus pneumoniae,

267, 268

Stress

. See also Acute stress disorder

caregivers of patients with dementia and,

630

dermatological conditions and,

420–421, 422

kidney transplantation and,

320

MRI scanning and,

59

multiple sclerosis and,

364

patients with heart disease and,

179–180

peptic ulcer disease and,

298

rheumatoid arthritis and,

239

Stroke

pain and,

349

psychiatric disorders and,

351–353

vascular dementia and,

631

Structural MRI, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration,

68

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders,

367

Stupor, and cognitive functions,

34

Sturge-Weber syndrome,

18

Subarachnoid hemorrhage,

370

Subdural hematoma,

370–371

Substance abuse, and substance abuse disorders

. See also Alcohol abuse; Cannabis; Cocaine; Hallucinogens; Intoxication; Withdrawal

catatonia and,

526, 527

as cause of anxiety and panic attacks,

565

dermatological conditions and,

428

family history of,

599

HIV and,

272, 506–507

inflammatory bowel disease and,

302

neuropsychiatric toxidromes and,

103–128, 129

peptic ulcer disease and,

298

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

579

prevalence of in medical settings,

587

specific drugs associated with initiation of,

612

tobacco-related disorders and relapse of,

608

women and,

468–469

Sudden cardiac death, and antipsychotics,

148

Suicide, and suicidal ideation

cerebrospinal fluids and risk of,

76

chronic pain and,

654

Cushing’s syndrome and,

220

depression and anxiety in patients with dermatological conditions,

422

dermatological conditions and,

431, 438, 439

epilepsy and,

357

Huntington’s disease and,

546, 634

left ventricular assist devices and,

188

migraine and,

367

multiple sclerosis and,

364

neurological disorders and,

350–351

Parkinson’s disease and,

384

postpartum psychosis and,

463

poststroke depression and,

352

renal disease and,

323, 332–333

systemic lupus erythematosus and,

234

traumatic brain injury and,

545

Sulfasalazine,

240

Sundowning, and delirium,

330

Support groups, and tobacco-related disorders,

609. See also Social support

Supportive-expressive psychotherapy, for depression in cancer patients,

400

Supportive therapy

for neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87

for opioid disorders,

603, 605–606

for serotonin syndrome,

94

Supranuclear gaze, and neurological examination,

20, 26

Surgeon General, U.S.,

609

Surgery, and surgical treatment for epilepsy,

357. See also Neurosurgery

Susceptibility-weighted MRI imaging,

55, 59

Sydenham’s chorea,

282

Sympathomimetics, and pheochromocytoma,

216

Symptom-triggered approach, to management of alcohol withdrawal,

592

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH),

144, 410

Synthetic cannabinoids,

107–108, 515–516, 616

Synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”),

515, 618

Syphilis,

270, 278–279, 280, 507, 636. See also Neurosyphilis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),

232–241, 502, 526, 553, 655

T-ACE brief screening tool, for alcohol use disorder in pregnancy,

596, 597

Tachyarrhythmias,

564–566, 581

Tacrolimus,

240, 526

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy,

180, 215

Tamoxifen,

410, 411

Telescoping, and substance abuse,

468

Temporal lobe(s), and brain tumors,

409

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE),

71, 73, 74, 347–349, 549

Temporal lobe meningiomas,

371

Tension-type headaches (TTH),

657, 658

Testicular cancer,

616

Testosterone, and testosterone deficiency,

128, 209–212, 329

Tetrabenazine,

151

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),

515, 611–612

Thiamine deficiency,

138–139, 512–513, 594–595

Thiazolidinediones,

208, 209

Thinking, and thoughts

. See also Catastrophizing

anxiety disorders and automatic,

582

epilepsy and,

356

postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder and ego-dystonic,

463

Thioridazine,

96, 150, 152, 185

Three-words/three-shapes test,

43

Thyroid disorders

. See also Hashimoto’s thyroiditis; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism

celiac disease and,

305

clinical presentations of,

200

etiology of,

199–200

interactions of psychoactive drugs in,

203

laboratory testing for toxicological conditions and,

168–169

lithium and,

203–204

mood disorders and,

550

neuropsychiatric presentations in,

201–202

panic disorder and,

569

subclinical manifestations of,

198–199

subtypes of,

199

treatment of,

201, 202–203

Thyroid function tests, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,

246–247

Thyrotoxicosis,

199, 200, 202, 505–506

Tick-borne diseases,

279, 280, 380

Tics, and neurological examination,

24

Time orientation, and cognitive testing,

35

Timolol,

366

Tinnitus Handicap Inventory,

374

Tobacco-related disorders,

607–611

Tolerance, to opioid use,

600–601

Topiramate,

366, 386

Torsades de pointes (TdP), drug-induced,

148–149, 150–151, 152, 167, 185

Tourette syndrome,

24

Toxic encephalopathies, and EEG,

70, 72

Toxicity, and complications or conditions associated with psychiatric illness

. See Neuropsychiatric toxidromes Toxoplasmosis,274

Tracers, and positron emission tomography,

61

Trail Making Test,

32, 36

Tramadol,

331–332

Transcobalamin II deficiency,

140

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and epilepsy,

359

Transference, and emotional factors in diagnosis,

7

Trastuzumab,

411

Trauma, and conversion disorder,

687. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder

Trauma intensive care units (TICUs), and substance use disorders,

588, 589, 599

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

catatonia and,

526

chronic traumatic encephalopathy and history of,

376–377

late neurological effects of,

373–375

mania and,

544–545

posttraumatic stress disorder and,

578

Trazodone,

637, 643

Treatment

. See also Behavioral interventions; Electroconvulsive therapy; Management; Prevention; Psychoactive drugs; Psychosocial interventions; Psychotherapy; Supportive therapy

of acromegaly,

217–218

of adrenal insufficiency,

223, 224

of alcohol use disorders,

590–596

of anxiety disorders in general medical setting,

580–582

of cannabis use disorder,

616

cardiovascular effects of for psychiatric problems in heart disease patients,

184–186

of catatonia,

532–534

of centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome and narcotic bowel syndrome,

297–298

of conversion disorder,

688–689

of Cushing’s syndrome,

220

of dementia,

636–639

of depression in cancer patients,

399–400

of diabetes mellitus and neuropsychiatric symptoms,

195, 197–198

of factitious disorder,

691

of fibromyalgia syndrome,

655

of folic acid deficiency,

138

of gastrointestinal disorders,

294–295

of hyperparathyroidism,

205

of hyperprolactinemia,

213–214

of illness anxiety disorder,

685

of infectious diseases,

283

of insomnia,

673, 674

of mood disorders,

554, 556

of multiple sclerosis,

359–360, 362–364

of neuroleptic malignant syndrome,

87, 90, 91

of obsessive-compulsive disorder,

577–578

of opioid use disorders,

601–607

of pheochromocytoma,

215–216

of polycystic ovary syndrome,

207, 208, 209

of primary aldosteronism,

221–222

renal disease and nonadherence to,

332–333

of serotonin syndrome,

94–95

of somatic symptom disorder,

682–683

of stimulant use disorder,

619–620

of systemic lupus erythematosus,

237

of testosterone deficiency,

211, 212

of thyroid disorders,

201, 202–203

of tobacco-related disorders,

609–610

of valproic acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy,

102–103

of vitamin deficiencies,

137, 138, 139, 140, 141

of zinc deficiency,

142

Tremor

neurological examination and,

24, 25

panic disorder and,

568–569

Parkinson’s disease and,

383, 384–386

Treponema pallidum,

278

Trichotillomania,

427, 431

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

anticholinergic toxicity and,

95, 96, 98–99, 100

cardiovascular effects of in heart disease patients,

184

centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome and,

297

depression in cancer patients and,

400

drug-induced liver injury and,

144

drug-induced orthostatic hypotension and,

152

electrolyte abnormalities due to,

143

epilepsy and,

355

esophageal disorders and,

294

inflammatory bowel disease and,

303

laboratory testing for toxicological complications of,

166

pregnancy and,

457

renal disease and,

321, 324

serotonin syndrome and,

92

Trifluoperazine,

96

Trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs),

657, 658

Triphasic waves, and EEG,

72

Triptans, and migraine,

365

Troponin,

164

Tryptophan, and celiac disease,

305

T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (T2-FLAIR),

54, 58, 70

Tuberculosis,

269–272

Tuberculous meningitis,

378

Tuberous sclerosis,

18, 490–491

Turner syndrome,

487

TWEAK brief screening tool, for alcohol use disorder in pregnancy,

596, 597

22q11.2 deletion syndrome,

489–490, 505

Type 1 (T1DM) and Type 2 (T2DM), as subtypes of diabetes mellitus,

194

Ulcerative colitis,

301, 553

Underdiagnosis

. See Misdiagnosis

Unilateral thalamotomy, and essential tremor,

386

United Nations,

469

U.S. Institute of Medicine,

141

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,

141, 200, 636

U.S. Renal Data System survey,

332–333

Urea nitrogen, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

167

Uremia,

320, 323

Urinalysis, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

168

Urinary abnormalities, and anticholinergic toxicity,

98

Urine testing, and alcohol abuse,

111

Vaccines, and infectious diseases,

269

Valbenazine,

151

Valproate

dementia and,

637–638

drug-induced liver injury and,

145, 147, 310

electrolyte abnormalities and,

143

laboratory testing for toxicological complications of,

165–166

migraine and,

366

Valproic acid,

458, 643

Valproic acid–induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy (VHE),

100, 102–103

Varenicline,

610

Vascular dementia (VaD),

64–65, 68, 631–632, 634

Vascular depression, and vascular mania,

545, 634

Vasomotor symptoms, of menopause,

466

Vasovagal syncope,

574

Vegetative states, and catatonia,

529

Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS),

505

Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) testing,

278, 279, 507, 636

Venlafaxine

dementia and,

637

drug-induced hyponatremia and,

142

pregnancy and,

457

renal disease and,

321

serotonin syndrome and,

90

Ventral stream, and language function,

38

Verbal Trail Making Test,

46

Vestibulo-ocular reflex,

20

Veterans Affairs Medical Center,

567

Video EEG,

70, 75

Vigilance, and tests of cognitive domains,

35

Vinca alkaloids,

411

Viral encephalitis,

380

Viral hepatitis,

171

Viral infections, of skin,

422

Visceral hypersensitivity, and gastrointestinal disorders,

292, 300

Visual acuity, and neurological examination,

19, 20

Visual extinction, and neurological examination,

23

Visual field testing, and symptom embellishment,

26

Visuospatial ability, and bedside cognitive examination,

43

Vitamin deficiencies

. See also Diet; Nutrition

catatonia and,

528

cobalamin deficiency and,

139–140

mood disorders and,

551

pellagra and,

137–138

psychotic symptoms and,

512–513

scurvy and,

128, 137

vitamin D and,

140–141

Voice, and language,

38

Vomiting, and anticipatory nausea in cancer patients,

403

Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease,

215, 568

Wage gap, and gender,

469

Wakefulness, and cognitive domains,

34

Web-based resources

cognitive-behavioral therapy programs for cancer patients,

403

dermatological conditions and online apps,

424

for infectious diseases,

266

self-management for rheumatoid arthritis and,

240

Weber test, for hearing,

21

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children,

491

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome,

138–139, 512–513

Wernicke’s aphasia,

40

Wernicke’s encephalopathy,

110–112, 526, 594, 595

Western equine encephalitis,

378

West Haven criteria, and hepatic encephalopathy,

308, 309

West Nile virus (WNV),

267

Wheezing, and panic disorder,

566–568

White blood cell count, and laboratory testing for toxicological conditions,

169

White matter hyperintensities (WMH),

545

Wide Range Achievement Test,

491

Wilson’s disease,

25, 307, 308, 310, 508–509

Withdrawal

. See also Alcohol withdrawal syndrome

benzodiazepines and,

113

cannabis use disorder and,

615

catatonia and,

527

hallucinogens and,

116

MDMA and GHB,

119, 120

nicotine and,

610

opioid use disorder and,

601–603

PCP/ketamine and,

122

stimulant use disorder and,

619

Women

. See also Menopause; Ovarian teratoma; Polycystic ovary syndrome; Postpartum period; Pregnancy

anti-NMDAR encephalitis and,

251, 503, 504

atypical symptoms of cardiovascular disease in,

176

folic acid and depression in,

138

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy and,

503

insomnia in,

663

prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in,

447

prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in,

579

psychiatric disorders associated with menstrual cycle,

449–452

psychiatric disorders associated with pubertal transition,

448–449

psychological, social, and cultural aspects of mental health,

469–470

Sjogren’s syndrome and,

241

substance use disorders in,

468–469

systemic lupus erythematosus in,

232

Word-finding difficulty, and language assessment,

39

Working memory, and tests of cognitive functions,

32, 36, 37–38

World Health Organization,

144, 331, 469, 656

Worry, and generalized anxiety disorder,

569

WWHHHHIMPS (mnemonic), and differential diagnosis of delirium,

641, 642

Xerostomia, and Sjogren’s syndrome,

241

Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale,

234, 577

Yohimbe,

127

Zaleplon,

325, 327

Zika virus encephalitis,

378

Zinc deficiency,

141–142

Ziprasidone,

153, 154, 185

Zolpidem,

325, 327, 529