Index

ABC model,

383

Acamprosate,

585

Acceptance and Action Questionnaire–II (AAQ-II),

394, 398

Acceptance and change, balancing,

362, 365, 375–376, 392

Acceptance and commitment therapy,

393, 445

Accommodation,

50

ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder),

123–124, 132, 210, 605, 615, 617

Adolescent-limited antisocial behaviors,

605

Adolescents

. See also Early identification and prevention

age range considerations,

271–272

antisocial behaviors and treatments,

604–605, 619

assessment tools for,

34–35, 37–38, 55

biosocial theory on,

363

borderline personality disorder treatments,

277, 278–288, 289–290, 411

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

570, 572

course and outcome studies,

80, 236–238, 239, 246–247, 271

development (typical) vs. personality disorders,

134, 270–272, 274, 615

developmental models of,

38, 176, 259–261, 290–293, 292

diagnostic criteria and,

80, 109, 118, 134, 153, 262–263, 264–269, 270

diagnostic precursor issues,

15, 123–124, 236–238, 262–263, 272–273

family therapy for,

451–452

gene-environment interaction and,

17, 171

good clinical care for,

411

masked depression in,

28

nonsuicidal self-injury and,

546

personality development in,

3

prevalence studies on,

71, 146, 148, 149, 153–154, 262, 271

stigmatization and,

276–277, 290

suicide risk and,

277, 540, 543, 546

trait stability in,

32, 72, 231, 233, 272–275

trauma history and,

363

Adult antisocial behavior,

605–606

Affective dysregulation,

485

Affective empathy,

202, 666, 667, 668

Affective instability,

194–197, 543, 551

Age and aging

. See also Adolescents; Children

antisocial personality disorder and,

607

clinical interviewing issues and,

530–532

course of PDs,

128, 153–154, 237–239

diagnosis criteria and,

247

prevalence studies on,

153–154

Agreeableness,

29, 30–31, 50, 90, 154, 238, 246

Alcohol use disorder,

210, 566, 585, 586. See also Co-occurring substance use disorders

Alexithymia,

193–194, 203, 215

Alliances

. See Therapeutic alliance

Allport, Gordon,

27–28

Alpha factors,

50

Alprazolam,

468, 474

Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD),

65–103

about,

8–9, 35–36, 48–53, 65–67, 91–93, 687

age and aging addressed by,

128

assessment steps and tools,

35, 267–269

as clinical staging model,

292, 293–294, 295–296, 297–298

clinical utility of,

89–91, 92–93, 706, 709

comparisons to other models,

36–38711

Criterion A: Level of Personality Functioning,

67–68, 259–260, 688–689, 689, 701–704

Criterion B: Pathological Personality Traits,

67, 76, 689, 707–709

Criteria C and D: Pervasiveness and Stability,

79–80, 689

Criteria E, F, and G: Alternative Explanations for Personality Pathology,

80–81, 690

as developmentally compatible approach,

259–261, 263, 290–293, 292

differential diagnosis and,

35–36

further directions for,

91–93

general criteria for personality disorder,

67–81, 109–111, 688–690. See also General criteria for personality disorder (GCPD), of DSM-5 Section III

ICD-11 alignment with,

9–10, 93

interpersonal functioning and,

311, 312–316, 664

Level of Personality Functioning Scale,

699–700, 701–704. See also Level of Personality Functioning Scale

nosology revision in,

310–311

opposition to,

48

personality disorder diagnosis,

698–699

personality disorder scoring algorithms,

698

personality functioning, elements of,

48, 53–59, 67–70, 69. See also Level of Personality Functioning Scale

personality traits,

75–79, 311, 312–316, 700, 705–706, 707–709, 709. See also Antagonism; Detachment; Disinhibition; Negative Affectivity; Psychoticism

psychodynamic psychotherapies based on,

337, 339

self functioning elements of,

311, 312–316, 664

specific personality disorders of,

690–698

theoretical models,

28, 32

translations of DSM-IV PDs,

81–89

Amantadine,

583, 586

American Psychiatric Association (APA)

. See also DSM system

borderline personality disorder treatment guidelines,

386, 408–409, 410, 478–479, 480, 498, 529–530

code of ethics,

524

major depressive disorder treatment guidelines,

496

suicide behavior management guidelines,

552

Amitriptyline,

467, 472, 481

Amphetamines,

207, 617

Analysis of problems (chain analysis),

374

Anhedonia

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder trait facet,

133, 693

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 113, 135

schizotypal personality disorder and,

203, 208

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

315

Animal cruelty,

605, 608

Animal models

about,

663

communication among,

173–174, 181

of dissociation,

677

evolutionary psychology and,

19

of social rejection,

664

trait theory and,

28

Antagonism

about,

130–132

AMPD assessment of,

110–111, 110

AMPD definition,

708

as AMPD trait,

75, 77, 87, 129

antisocial personality disorder trait,

209, 691

borderline personality disorder trait,

694

DSM system criteria comparison,

107–108

narcissistic personality disorder trait,

695

personality disorder–trait specified,

698

as PID-5 dimension,

31, 32, 33

Anticonvulsants,

466, 468, 475–477, 481, 616

Antidepressant medications

for antisocial personality disorder,

616

APA guidelines on,

478–479, 498

collaborative treatments and,

496, 497, 498–499

conservative psychopharmacology practices for,

429

for co-occurring substance use disorders,

579, 584

efficacy data,

468, 472–474, 479, 480, 481, 498, 584

emergence of use,

466

lethality potential of,

510–511

Antihistamines,

480

Antipsychotic medications

for antisocial personality disorder,

616

for borderline personality disorder,

480, 481, 484, 485, 498, 553, 584

for co-occurring substance use disorders,

581–582, 584

efficacy data,

467–472, 478, 479, 480, 481, 498, 553, 584

emergence of use,

466

first-generation,

467–468, 479

medical setting use of,

636

for schizotypal personality disorder,

207

second-generation,

468–472, 479, 498

side effects,

484

for suicide risk management,

553

Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD),

599–625

about: overview and summary,

209–210, 213, 599–600, 615, 620

age-related diagnostic criteria,

86, 123–124, 154, 601

assessment,

614

boundary issues and,

526–527

case example,

613

childhood precursors of,

86–87, 123–124, 236–237

clinical features,

210–211, 607, 608, 668–669, 690, 691

co-occurring substance use disorders,

132, 564–565, 566, 584, 586, 605, 613, 614, 619

course and outcomes,

233, 612–613

diagnostic issues,

600–601, 602–603

differential diagnosis,

210–212, 614–615

DSM-5, Section III criteria (AMPD),

77, 602–603, 690, 691–692

DSM system comparison,

5, 107, 600–601, 602–603, 604

epidemiology,

145, 149, 151, 606–607

etiology,

210–213, 572, 608–612, 669–670

gender differences,

607–608, 608

in medical settings,

634–635

pharmacotherapy for,

476, 582–583, 584, 586, 616–617

psychological treatment options,

389, 454, 617–619

psychological treatment precautions,

345

psychopathy correlation,

601, 604

suicide risk and,

540, 545, 555–556, 615

theoretical models,

30

therapeutic alliance and,

312, 317

Anxiety disorders

co-occurring disorders,

608, 616

course and outcome studies,

243–244

differential diagnosis,

129, 130, 133, 214, 395

gender differences,

152

in military operational environment,

650–651

pharmacotherapy for,

472, 616

psychological treatment options,

362

suicide risk and,

550

Anxiolytic medication,

474

Anxiousness

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

700, 707

antisocial personality disorder specifier,

692

avoidant personality disorder trait facet,

87, 107, 113, 133, 692

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

107, 313, 693

boundary issues and,

525

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 108

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

319, 695

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder specifier,

696

personality disorder–trait specified,

135

schizotypal personality disorder specifier,

697

Anxious/preoccupied attachment style,

168, 630–631, 664–665

Aripiprazole,

471, 481, 482, 485, 553, 581, 584

Asenapine,

471

Aspects of self (modes),

26–27

Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA),

267

Assimilation,

50

Asthenic personality disorder,

5, 6

Atomoxetine,

617

Attachment theory

about,

18–19, 21, 168

anxious attachment style,

168, 630–631, 664–665

avoidant attachment style,

168, 169, 630, 664–665

on borderline personality disorder,

664–665

challenges to,

170–171

comparisons to other models,

26–27, 36–37

disoriented attachment style,

168, 169

good psychiatric management and,

353

insecure attachments,

168, 169–170, 171, 177–178, 343, 348, 454, 630–631

medical settings and,

629–631

on mentalization failures,

348

on nature of personality pathology,

339–340, 342–344

on personality disorder development,

171–173, 177–181, 664–665

secure attachments,

168, 169–170, 175–178, 343, 630

unresolved attachment style,

168, 169, 171, 664

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD),

123–124, 132, 210, 605, 615, 617

Attention seeking

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder specifier,

692

dependent personality disorder and,

525

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 114, 116, 501, 525

histrionic personality disorder and,

107, 114, 116, 501

narcissistic personality disorder trait facet,

84, 107, 114, 695

personality disorder–trait specified,

127

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

314

Atypical antipsychotics,

466, 468–470, 498. See also Clozapine; Olanzapine

Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (2012) guideline,

480, 482

Autism spectrum disorder,

134, 545, 615

Avoidant/dismissive attachment style,

168, 630, 664–665

Avoidant personality disorder (AVPD)

about,

213–214

age-related diagnostic criteria,

154

case example,

393–401

childhood precursors of,

238

clinical features,

214–215, 690, 692

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 239–243

differential diagnosis,

68, 214

DSM-5, Section III criteria (AMPD),

68, 77, 690, 692–693

DSM system criteria comparison,

5, 6, 107

epidemiology,

145, 149, 151

etiology,

214–215

in medical settings,

628

psychological treatment options,

344, 388–389, 390, 393–401, 454

suicide risk and,

539, 544

theoretical models,

30

therapeutic alliance and,

315, 319

Baclofen,

585

Balancing change and acceptance,

362, 365, 375–376, 392

Behavioral disinhibition pathway,

569–570

Behavioral genetics,

17–18

Behaviorism,

19, 24

Behavior modification,

384, 385, 619

Behavior rehearsal,

367

Benzodiazepines

efficacy data,

468, 474

lethality potential of,

511

medical setting use of,

636

precautions and contraindications,

474, 482, 511, 586, 616–617

Beta factors,

50

Big Five factors,

50. See also Five-factor model of personality

Big Two factors,

50

Biological approaches,

16–19. See also Genetics; Neurobiology; Theories, of personality disorders

Biological markers,

572

Biosocial (stress-diathesis) model,

274, 362–364, 391, 452, 538, 549

Bipolar disorders

co-occurring disorders,

124, 616

course and outcomes,

244

differential diagnosis,

131–132, 133, 483, 526, 601, 603, 614–615

etiology,

191

pharmacotherapy for,

474–476, 477, 616

Board of registration complaint,

523

Boot camps (wilderness programs),

619

Borderline organization,

341, 344, 346

Borderline personality disorder (BPD),

259–306

about,

190, 202–203

attachment history and,

171–172, 178, 343, 664–665

boundary issues and,

527–529, 527n

case example,

261–262

childhood precursors of,

202–203

clinical features,

68, 194–202, 663–672, 690, 693

comparisons to other models,

275–276, 291

co-occurring substance use disorders,

352, 564–565, 566, 570, 575–576

course and outcome,

233

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 239–246, 271

developmentally compatible approach to,

259–261, 290–293, 292

diagnostic assessment tools for,

261, 262–263, 264–269, 270

differential diagnosis,

615

DSM-5 Section III criteria (AMPD),

77, 292, 293–294, 295–296, 297–298, 690, 693–694

DSM system criteria comparison,

5, 6–7, 107

early intervention and prevention of,

259–261, 298

epidemiology,

145, 149, 151

etiology,

172, 191–202, 274

future directions,

663–685. See also Translational research, in borderline personality disorder

good psychiatric management of,

408–409, 410–411, 412. See also Good psychiatric management

interventions for, overview,

23–24, 25, 277, 278–288, 289–290

in medical settings,

628, 634–636

nonsuicidal self-injury risk and,

541–542, 635–636, 673–675

pharmacotherapy for,

465–467, 478–482, 481, 579–583, 584. See also Borderline personality disorder, pharmacotherapy for

prevalence of,

262, 537

psychological treatment options,

246, 344–345, 351–353, 361–364, 377, 386, 387, 389, 390, 411, 412, 451–455

risk factors,

274

sociodemographics of,

154, 238

stigmatization and,

276–277, 290

suicide risk and,

537–561. See also Suicide risk assessment and management

theories on,

14–15, 22–23, 25, 26–27, 30, 37, 343, 344, 362–364

therapeutic alliance and,

313, 317–318

trauma history and,

172, 178, 192, 243, 363, 528

Borderline personality disorder, pharmacotherapy for

about: overview and guidelines,

465–467, 478–482, 481, 579–583, 584

anticonvulsants efficacy,

475–477

antidepressant efficacy,

472–474

antipsychotic efficacy,

467–472

anxiolytic precautions,

474

collaborative treatment and,

498–499

lithium carbonate efficacy,

474–475

NMDA antagonists efficacy,

481

omega-3 fatty acids efficacy,

477–478

Borderline Personality Disorder Study of Cognitive Therapy (BOSCOT),

387

Borderline Personality Disorder Training Institute (BPDTI),

415

Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C),

263, 264–265

Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFS-C-11),

263, 265

Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children—Parent Report (BPFS-P),

263, 264–265

Borderline personality organization,

22, 22n

Borderline Personality Questionnaire (BPQ),

265

Borderline Personality Severity Index–IV—Adolescent Version (BPDSI-IV-Adolescent),

264

Borderline rage,

528

Boundary issues,

519–533

about: overview and summary,

519

boundary, defined,

520

boundary crossings,

520–522

boundary violations,

520–522

consequences of,

521–524

consultations for,

531

context dependence,

520, 521–522

countertransference issues and,

529–530, 531

documentation of,

521, 531

in medical settings,

638–639

personality disorders and,

519, 524–529, 527n

risk management for,

521, 530–532

Brief treatment models,

385, 388–389, 430–431, 432

British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity,

606

Bromocriptine,

583, 586

Buprenorphine,

585–586

Bupropion,

584, 617

Buspirone,

616

Callousness

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

700–701, 708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

107, 114, 601, 602, 604, 691

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 114, 601, 602, 604

in medical settings,

556

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

84, 131, 695

personality disorder–trait specified specifier,

698

suicide risk and,

540

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 319

Cannabis use disorder,

566, 586. See also Co-occurring substance use disorders

Carbamazepine,

468, 475, 481, 580, 583, 584, 616

Case management,

420, 421–422

Catecholaminergic agents,

207

Categorical classification systems,

8–9, 47–48, 65–66, 235–236, 272, 273

Chain analysis,

372

Change and acceptance, balancing,

362, 365, 375–376, 392

Character (CBT definition),

385–386

Character disorder,

20

Character pathology,

50–51

Chestnut Lodge follow-up studies,

238

Childhood Interview for DSM-IV Borderline Personality Disorder (CI-BPD),

263, 264, 270

Children

. See also Early identification and prevention

conduct disorder,

604–605, 607. See also Conduct disorder

co-occurring substance use disorders,

570

course and outcome studies,

80, 123, 236–238, 239, 246–247, 271

diagnostic criteria and,

86–87, 153, 247

diagnostic precursor issues,

15, 86–87, 123–124, 128, 132, 237–238, 272–273

differential diagnoses,

134

gene-environment interaction and,

17–18, 192, 196, 202, 204

in medical settings,

629–630

personality development in,

50

prevalence studies on,

146, 153–154, 262

theories on,

23, 26–27. See also Attachment theory

trait stability in,

32, 80, 128

trauma and abuse history,

18, 192–193, 196, 202–203, 204, 243, 343, 363

Children in the Community Study (CICS),

80, 239, 246–247, 271, 272–273

Circa-strike behaviors,

677–678

Civil litigation,

523

Clarification-oriented therapy,

390

Classification systems

categorical vs. dimensional,

8–9, 47–48, 65–66, 235–236, 273

cluster system,

5, 7, 8. See also Cluster classification

contemporary context,

51–53

historical context,

48–51, 66. See also DSM system

hybrid model,

9–10, 66. See also Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

trait stability and,

235–236, 272–275

Clinical Assessment of the LPFS (CALF),

54–55

Clinical High at Risk Mental State (CHARMS),

261

Clinical interviewing,

120–128

direct questioning,

121–122

informant interviewing,

122

observation and interaction,

120–121

problems in,

122–128

Clinical settings prevalence studies,

537

Clinical staging models,

292, 293–294, 295–296, 297–298

Clinician attitude, for good psychiatric management and,

414, 416, 427–428

Clonidine,

582, 584, 617

Clozapine,

468–469, 485

Cluster classification

about,

5, 7, 8, 106

AMPD comparison of,

116–117

boundary issues and,

524–525

collaborative care and,

496–497, 498, 504–505

co-occurring substance use disorders,

564–565, 569–570, 573–574, 583, 584

depression and,

498

differential diagnosis and,

124

genetics and,

83

medical settings and,

628, 635–636

mentalization-based therapy and,

348

meta-clusters,

129

military operational environment and,

647–648, 651

outcomes and,

233–234

prevalence of,

144–145, 146, 147–148, 151

psychological treatment options,

345–346

self-report comparisons,

122

sociodemographics,

152–158, 155, 238–239

somatic complaints and,

504–505

suicide risk and,

538–539, 541, 542–543, 544–545, 547

theories on,

33, 38

Cocaine use disorder,

586. See also Co-occurring substance use disorders

Cochrane Collaboration review,

392, 478, 479–480

Cochrane Database reviews,

617

Cognition

. See also Social cognition

defined,

364

dialectical behavior therapy skills training and,

268

DSM system criteria and,

108, 112, 116, 641

neural correlates of,

207–208

theories on,

26

Cognitive analytic therapy (CAT),

277, 278, 281, 352, 393, 411, 412

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),

383–406

about: overview and summary,

383–384

case example,

393–401, 395–399

character, defined,

385–386

comparisons to other models,

24, 364, 387, 389–392

components of,

384–385, 385, 395–399, 401

as couples therapy approach,

456

efficacy data,

362, 386–389, 401, 617

as family therapy approach,

450

future directions for,

401

indications for,

362, 617–618, 638

integrative approaches and,

393

learning principles and,

364

in medical settings,

638

therapeutic alliance within,

326–327

traditional,

387–389

Cognitive dysfunction,

207–208

Cognitive empathy,

200–201, 666–668, 669

Cognitive and perceptual dysregulation

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

709

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 112

schizotypal personality disorder trait facet,

107, 112, 697

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312

Cognitive-perceptual symptoms (hallucinations, paranoia, severe dissociation),

203, 207, 471, 480, 485, 582. See also Paranoia

Cognitive reappraisal,

195–196, 202–203, 400

Cognitive restructuring (reframing),

365, 384, 385, 389

Collaborative care management (CCM),

496

Collaborative care programs (CCPs),

495

Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS),

9, 52–53, 72, 80, 90, 239–245, 544, 548

Collaborative treatment,

493–518

about: overview and summary,

493–495, 513

case examples,

494–495, 500, 504

challenges of,

500, 501–502, 512

contemporary context,

497–499, 503

contraindications to,

512

for co-occurring substance use disorders,

504

defined,

493

efficacy data,

495–497

interpersonal crisis management and,

511–512

managed care and,

497–498

in medical settings,

635–636, 639

for nonsuicidal self-injuries,

635–636

for pharmacotherapy management,

497–499, 505–510

positive and negative attributes of,

499–500

principles of,

505–512

for somatic complaints,

505–507

for suicide risk management,

510–511

types of,

495–496

Common factor model,

570–572

Communication (social), development of,

173–175, 178

Community therapy,

352

Conduct disorder

about: overview and summary,

604

antisocial personality disorder correlation,

86–87, 123–124, 132, 236–237, 601, 604–605

co-occurring disorders,

605

diagnosis,

605

differential diagnosis,

132, 615

neural correlates of,

213, 669

pharmacotherapy for,

616

psychological treatment options,

619

social cognition impairments and,

669

suicide risk and,

540

Conflict model,

20, 21

Confrontation ruptures,

310

Conscientiousness,

29, 30, 31, 78, 87, 108, 154, 696

Context dependence, for boundary issues,

520, 521–522

Conversational Model (CM),

351

Co-occurring substance use disorders,

563–597

about,

130, 563–564

antisocial personality disorder and,

132, 564–565, 566, 584, 586, 605, 613, 614, 619

assessment and diagnosis of,

565–568

case examples,

574–575, 576

causal pathways,

568–572

DSM system on,

586–587

epidemiology,

564–565, 566, 571

in medical settings,

634–635

in military operational environment,

650, 651

pharmacotherapy for,

578, 579–583, 584–586

prevalence studies,

643

psychological treatment options,

352

suicide risk and,

545

treatment guidelines,

577–586

treatment outcomes,

572–577

Cooperativeness,

33

Core dimension of personality pathology,

47–64

about: summary and overview,

47–48, 60

contemporary context,

51–53

DSM-5 personality functioning measures and,

53–59

historical context,

48–51

Cortisol,

192–193

Countertransference

boundary issues and,

529–530, 531

as diagnostic tool,

640

in medical settings,

640

Couples therapy

about: overview and summary,

439–440, 458–459

for antisocial personality disorder,

619

attachment styles and,

454

case example,

457–458

dialectical behavior therapy as,

456–457

efficacy data,

456–457

features of,

453–455

forms of,

455–456

Course and outcomes,

118. See also Longitudinal studies

Covert grandiosity,

28

Creative doubts,

354

Crisis kit, for suicide management,

554–555

Crisis management,

368–369, 372–374, 554–555

Cross-cultural boundary issues,

530–532

Cruelty to animals,

605, 608

Culture

boundary issues and,

530–532

clinical interviewing and,

127–128

CyberBall paradigm,

201, 664

Cyclical psychodynamics,

27

Cyclothymic disorder,

5, 6, 124, 341

Day treatment group therapy,

442–443, 445

Deceitfulness

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) trait facet,

107, 114, 116, 601, 602, 691

DSM system criteria comparison,

84, 107, 116, 601, 602

gender differences,

608

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

131, 694

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 319

Defensive exclusion,

343

Defensive splitting,

326, 340, 343, 494

Delayed Reward Discounting,

570

Dependent clingers,

632, 633, 638–639

Dependent personality disorder

boundary issues and,

525–526

DSM system criteria comparison,

108, 525–526, 699

epidemiology,

149, 151

in medical settings,

628

prevalence of,

145

psychological treatment options,

344, 390

suicide risk and,

539

Depression, theoretical models,

26, 28, 38

Depressive personality disorder,

5, 7, 145, 149

Depressivity

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder specifier,

693

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

107, 113, 694

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 135

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

695

personality disorder–trait specified,

698

schizotypal personality disorder specifier,

697

suicide risk and,

539

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

313

Descartes, René,

16, 16n

Desipramine,

481, 582, 586

Detachment

about,

133–134

AMPD assessment of,

110–111, 110

AMPD definition,

707

as AMPD trait,

77, 87, 129

avoidant personality disorder trait,

693

differential diagnosis,

129–130

DSM system criteria comparison,

87, 107–108

obsessive compulsive personality disorder trait,

696

personality disorder–trait specified,

697

as PID-5 dimension,

31, 32, 33

schizotypal personality disorder trait,

697

Developmental psychology

about: overview and summary,

167

adolescent development–personality disorder comparison,

270–272, 274, 615

on assimilation and accommodation,

50

dimensional classifications and,

49

epistemic trust and vigilance development,

174–175, 178–179, 180–182

genetics and,

17–18

natural pedagogy,

173–175, 177

on personality disorder development,

171–173, 177–181

on psychotherapy,

178–182

theoretical models,

168–173, 175–178. See also Attachment theory

Dextroamphetamine,

617

Diagnosis disclosure,

484

Diagnostic criteria

clinical utility of,

89–91

DSM-5, Section III (AMPD),

66–67, 698–699

DSM system comparison,

7–9, 65–67, 105–109, 107–108, 600–601

future directions,

91–93

general criteria,

67–81, 109–111, 110. See also General criteria for personality disorder (GCPD), of DSM-5 Section III

personality pathology manifestations,

111–115, 116–117

stability tenent of,

115, 118–120, 231–232

stepwise approach,

109–111, 110

Diagnostic disclosure,

415–416, 417, 419

Diagnostic interviews

on co-occurring substance use disorders,

567

reliability issues,

234–235

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT),

361–382

about: overview and summary,

361–362, 378–379, 390–392

for adolescents,

277, 278–279, 281–284

balancing change and acceptance,

362, 365, 375–376

for borderline personality disorder,

277, 278–279, 281–284

comparisons to other models,

353, 390–392, 408, 410–411, 412

components of,

366–370, 368

consultation team for,

376

for co-occurring substance use disorders,

575–576

as couples therapy,

456–457

efficacy data,

24, 361–362, 376–378, 386, 391–392, 408, 410–411, 412

epigenetic changes due to,

192

as family therapy,

451–452

goal hierarchy,

370–372, 371

as group therapy,

444

with pharmacotherapy,

469–470

philosophical assumptions,

365

skills training,

367–370, 368, 374–375, 392

stages of,

370

techniques and strategies,

372–375

theoretical perspectives,

362–365, 391

validation and,

375

Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers (DBT-S),

575–576

Diary cards,

366, 374–375

Differential diagnosis,

128–135

Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS),

394, 397

Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology—Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ),

33

Dimensional classification systems

. See also Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

categorical vs. dimensional classification systems,

8–9, 47–48, 65–66, 235–236, 273

contemporary context,

51–53

as developmentally compatible approach,

259–260

historical context,

48–51

support for,

66

trait stability and,

235–236, 272–273

Disinhibition

about,

130–132

AMPD assessment of,

110–111, 110

AMPD definition,

708

as AMPD trait,

77, 87, 129, 605

antisocial personality disorder trait,

76, 210–211, 691

borderline personality disorder trait,

602, 603, 694

differential diagnosis,

129

DSM system criteria comparison,

107–108

personality disorder–trait specified,

698

as PID-5 dimension,

31, 32, 33

Disoriented/disorganized attachment style,

168, 169

Dissociation

in borderline personality disorder,

675–678

as cognitive-perceptual symptom,

203, 207, 471, 480, 485, 582

psychological treatment options,

375

splitting and,

340. See also Splitting

as suicide risk factor,

543

Distractibility,

132, 708

Distress tolerance skills training,

368–369, 368, 453

Disulfiram,

585

Divalproex,

466, 616

Divalproex ER,

580, 584

Divalproex sodium,

475–476

Dopamine,

33, 207–209, 210, 471, 572, 671

Drug use disorders

. See Co-occurring substance use disorders; specific substance use disorders

DSM-5 Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (DLOPFQ),

55

DSM system

. See alsospecific personality disorders

categorical vs. dimensional classification systems,

8–9, 47–48, 65–66, 235–236

cluster classification of

. See Cluster classification

on co-occurring substance use disorders,

586–587

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 239–245. See also Longitudinal course and outcome studies

diagnostic criteria comparison,

65–103. See also Diagnostic criteria

on early identification and prevention,

263, 264–269

hybrid classification model,

9–10. See also Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

ICD codes and,

105

literature review of course and outcomes,

232–233

on maladaptive personality traits,

628

as multiaxial diagnosis system,

5, 6–7, 232

ontogeny of personality disorder classification,

4–10, 5, 48–53

pathological personality traits,

74–79

personality functioning impairments,

67–70

personality functioning measures,

53–59, 70–74

personality traits, defined,

74

trait psychology and,

29–31, 231–232, 272–275

translation of DSM-IV personality disorders,

76–81

Dual-focus schema therapy (DFST),

573–575

Dual-focus therapies,

573–575, 577, 578

Dual-instinct theory,

19

Dual relationship,

520

Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy (DDP),

352, 573

Dysfunction

. See Quality of life and dysfunction

Dysfunctional beliefs,

25–26, 384

Early identification and prevention,

259–306

about: overview and summary,

259–261, 298

adolescent-adult clinical feature comparison,

273–275

adolescent development comparison,

270–272, 274

adolescent trait stability,

272–273, 274–275

AMPD clinical staging,

292, 293–294, 295–296, 297–298

assessment tools for,

261, 262–263, 264–269, 270

case example,

261–262

comparisons to other models,

275–276, 291

DSM system comparison,

263, 264–269

interventions for,

277, 278–288, 289–290

myths of,

261–290

stability reliability of diagnosis and,

118

stigmatization and,

276–277, 290

Early maladaptive schemas,

26–27

Eccentricity,

77, 88, 107, 134, 312, 466, 697, 709

Education level,

157–158

Ego psychology,

20–21, 36–37, 339–340

Emotional empathy,

200–201, 667, 670

Emotional lability

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

111, 707

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

107, 113, 313, 363, 693

boundary issues and,

525

DSM system criteria comparison,

107

histrionic personality disorder trait facet,

107

personality disorder–trait specified,

698

Emotional simulation theory,

668

Emotion regulation group therapy (ERGT),

388

Emotion regulation training (ERT)

for adolescents,

277, 280, 287–288, 289

for borderline personality disorder,

277, 280, 287–288, 289

Empathic Concern subscale,

667

Empathy

affective empathy,

202, 666, 667, 668

as AMPD aspect of interpersonal relatedness,

35, 54

in borderline personality disorder,

664, 666–667, 668–670

cognitive empathy,

200–201, 666–668, 669

defined,

664

for effective personality function,

51

interpersonal functioning and,

664, 666–667

neural correlates of,

200–201

oxytocin and,

202–203

as personality functioning element,

68, 69

Entitled demanders,

632, 633

Epidemiological research

about: overview and summary,

143, 162–163

on prevalence,

143, 144–145, 146–150, 149, 151. See also Prevalence studies

quality of life and dysfunction,

158–162, 160–161

sociodemographic correlates,

152–158, 155

Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) survey,

606, 607, 613, 615

Epigenetics,

18, 191–192

Ethics complaint (formal),

524

Evidence-based treatments,

337–338

Evolutionary psychology and psychiatry,

19

Experimental psychopathology

. See Translational research, in borderline personality disorder

Expressive-supportive approach,

350–351, 354

Externalizing symptoms and disorders

adolescent borderline personality disorder and,

275–276, 291

children-adolescent comparison,

274

cluster comparisons,

38

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

565, 571, 572

personality factors,

31, 32

types of,

13, 38

Extraversion,

19, 27–28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 570

Families and Carers Training Support (MBT-FACTS),

452

Family Connections program,

451, 452

Family therapy

about: overview and summary,

439–440, 458–459

case example,

452–453

dialectical behavior therapy as,

451–452

efficacy data,

451–452

features of,

446–450

forms of,

450–451

indications for,

619

mentalization-based therapy and,

277, 452

Fenfluramine,

199

Fiduciary duty,

522

Five-factor model of personality (FFM)

about,

28–30

acceptance of,

32

AMPD’s modification of,

35, 50, 73, 75, 78–79, 83

clinical utility of,

50, 89–90

PID-5 comparison,

31–32

Fluoxetine,

199, 466, 470, 473–474, 481, 579, 584

Fluvoxamine,

579, 584

Functional domains model,

36–38

Gabapentin,

477

Gambling disorder,

619

Gender differences,

127, 152–153, 154, 604, 607–608, 608

General Assessment of Personality Disorder (GAPD),

57, 69

General criteria for personality disorder (GCPD), of DSM-5 Section III,

67–81

background,

67

differential diagnosis,

80–81, 690

DSM system comparison,

79–81

pathological personality traits,

74–79, 77, 110–111, 110, 689

personality functioning impairment,

67–70, 69

personality functioning scale,

70–74, 109–110, 110, 688–689. See also Level of Personality Functioning Scale

personality structure converging with,

78–79

pervasiveness and stability,

79–80, 689

General factor of personality,

50

Generalist approach to psychiatric management

. See Good psychiatric management

Generalist care models,

410–413, 412. See also Good psychiatric management

Generalist structured clinical management (GSM),

408–409

General personality disorder,

119, 641

Genetics

about: overview and summary,

189

of antisocial personality disorder,

210, 608–609

of avoidant personality disorder,

214

behavioral genetics,

17–18

of borderline personality disorder,

172, 191–195, 197, 201–202, 274

epigenetics,

18

gene-environment interaction,

171

of schizotypal personality disorder,

203–205

of substance use disorders, co-occurring,

571–572

trait theory and,

19, 32–33

trauma history and,

18

Gifts,

521–522

Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score,

37, 52

Glutamate,

33

Goal setting

cognitive-behavioral therapy and,

384–385

cognitive-social perspective on,

25

dialectical behavior therapy and,

370–372, 371

good psychiatric management and,

416, 420–421

Good clinical care (GCC),

411

Good psychiatric management,

407–438

about: overview and summary,

353, 407–410, 434

case examples,

420–422, 424–427

case management and,

420, 421–422

clinician attitude and,

427–428

comparisons to other models,

408–409, 410–411

components of,

415–430, 416

diagnostic disclosure,

415–416, 417, 419

duration and intensity of,

426–427

efficacy data,

408–409, 410–411, 412

future directions,

433–434

generalist care models,

410–413, 412, 414

goal setting and,

416, 420–421

interpersonal hypersensitivity and,

419, 422–425, 423

multimodality approach of,

425–426

for pharmacotherapy,

429–430, 482–484

psychoeducation and,

416, 417–419

of self-harm risk,

428–429

stepped care models,

409, 430–433, 482–483

training for,

413–415

Gottman’s Sound Marital House treatment,

456, 457

Grandiose self,

23

Grandiosity

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

as collaborative therapy challenge,

502

covert grandiosity,

28

differential diagnosis,

112, 124, 132

DSM system criteria comparison,

81, 107, 116

in medical settings,

636

narcissistic personality disorder trait facet,

28, 84, 107, 112, 116, 132, 695

personality disorder–trait specified,

127

suicide behavior and,

541

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

314, 318–319

Group therapy

about: overview and summary,

439–440, 458–459

case example,

446

cognitive-behavioral therapy as,

387–389, 390, 399–400

dialectical behavior therapy as,

392, 444

efficacy data,

443–445

features of,

440–441

forms of,

442–443

indications for,

277

mentalization-based therapy as,

444

schema-focused therapy as,

390, 445

Guanfacine,

208, 579, 584

Guideline-informed treatment for personality disorders (GIT-PD),

411–413, 414

Gunderson Personality Disorders Institute (GPDI),

415

Habituation,

196

Hallucinations (cognitive-perceptual symptom),

203, 207, 471, 480, 485, 582

Haloperidol,

467–468, 470, 481, 485, 581, 584

Harm avoidance and,

33

Headlines Test,

638

Helping Young People Early (HYPE) program,

289

Histrionic personality disorder

boundary issues and,

525–526, 638

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 699

epidemiology,

145, 151

in medical settings,

633

pharmacotherapy for,

476

psychological treatment options,

390

suicide risk and,

545

Hospitalizations

. See Medical settings

Hostility

. See also Antagonism

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707, 708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

107, 115, 601, 602, 691

avoidant personality disorder specifier,

693

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

87, 107, 113, 115, 116, 693–694

boundary issues and,

529

countertransference of,

529

couples therapy and,

455, 619

differential diagnoses,

131, 132

DSM system criteria comparison,

84, 88, 107, 116, 601, 602

family therapy and,

448–449, 619

five factor model of personality and,

29–30

in medical settings,

631, 632, 635–636

moral insanity and,

49

paranoid personality disorder and,

107, 112

personality disorder–trait specified specifier,

698

pharmacotherapy for,

476, 479, 553, 580–582, 584

as suicide risk factor,

544

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 313

trauma history correlation,

544

Hybrid classification model

. See Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

Hydroxyzine,

480

Hypervigilant narcissism,

319

Hypochondriasis,

638

Hypomanic episodes,

132

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis,

192–193, 197, 671, 677

Hysterical personality disorder,

5, 20, 344, 525–526. See also Histrionic personality disorder

ICD codes

. See International Classification of Diseases

Id,

20, 340

Idealized parent imago,

23

Identity

as AMPD aspect of self,

35, 54

for effective personality function,

51

as personality functioning element,

68, 69

severity correlation and,

50–51, 53

Impulse control (inhibition),

211

Impulsivity

during adolescence,

270–271, 274–275, 700

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

77–78, 84, 107, 115, 130–131, 132, 601, 602–603, 604, 691

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

25, 77–78, 87, 107, 115, 116, 130–131, 197, 262, 264, 274–275, 312, 313, 485, 693–694

boundary issues and,

528, 532

collaborative treatment and,

497, 498, 501

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

569–570

differential diagnosis,

124, 130–131, 132, 270–271

DSM system criteria comparison,

74, 77–78, 84, 87, 107, 115, 116, 264, 312–313, 601, 602–603, 604

etiology,

197, 199, 208, 212, 569–570

good psychiatric management for,

413, 418, 431

impulsive aggression,

197–200

in medical settings,

635

in military operational environment,

647–648

personality disorder–trait specified,

127

pharmacotherapy for,

468, 470, 479, 482, 498, 553, 579, 586

psychoeducation for,

418, 484

psychological treatments options,

277, 363, 368–369, 388, 389, 390, 453

sociodemographics,

154, 238, 608

suicide risk and,

542–543, 544, 545, 550–551

theories on,

25, 31, 32, 33, 210–211, 569–570

trauma history correlation,

544

Inadequate personality disorder,

5, 6

Income level,

157–158

Independent–self-defeating personality style,

38

Inhibition (impulse control),

211

Inpatient medical settings

. See Medical settings

Insecure attachments,

168, 169–170, 171, 177–178, 343, 348, 454, 630–631

Integrated dual disorder treatment,

573

Integrative behavioral couples therapy,

456

Intelligence testing analogy,

30

Intentional sabotage of care,

635–636

Intermittent explosive disorder,

5, 6, 198–199, 615

Intermittent personality disorder,

5, 6

Internalizing symptoms and disorders

adolescent borderline personality disorder and,

275–276, 291

child-adolescent comparison,

274

cluster comparisons,

38

co-occurring substance use disorders,

565

personality factors and,

31, 32

types of,

13, 38

Internal working (relational) models (IWMs),

342–343

International Classification of Diseases (World Health Organization)

ICD-8,

9–10

ICD-10,

162, 231

ICD-11,

6, 9–10, 93, 203, 263, 433

Interpersonal circumplex,

8, 21

Interpersonal effectiveness skills training,

368, 369–370

Interpersonal functioning

aging and,

238

borderline personality disorder and,

663–668, 671–672

collaborative treatment management of,

511–512

developmental model,

292, 294, 295, 297

as diagnostic criteria,

35, 67–70, 69, 311, 312–316, 664

efficacy data,

337

elements of,

54, 69, 311, 312–316, 689, 699–700

measure of,

70–74, 688–689, 699–700, 701–704. See also Level of Personality Functioning Scale

psychological treatment options,

439, 440–441, 442

suicide risk and,

549

translation of DSM-IV personality disorders and,

83–85

Interpersonal hypersensitivity,

419, 422–425, 423, 550–551, 664–665

Interpersonal learning,

440

Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI),

666, 667

Interpersonal–self-psychological approach,

351–352

Interpersonal theory,

21, 550

Interpersonal threat hypersensitivity,

664

Intimacy

as AMPD aspect of interpersonal relatedness,

35, 54

defined,

664

interpersonal functioning and,

664

personality functioning and,

51, 68, 69

Intimacy avoidance

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder trait facet,

107, 114, 133, 693

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 114

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder trait facet,

84, 108, 114, 695

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

315, 316

Introverted extrovert,

27–28

Inventory of Personality Organization for Adolescents (IPO-A), initial version,

267

Iodobenzamide,

207

Iowa Gambling Task,

569

IQ tests,

614

Irresponsibility

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

84, 107, 114, 116, 209, 601, 602, 603, 604, 691

couples therapy and,

619

differential diagnosis,

131, 615

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 114, 116, 601, 602, 603, 604

family therapy and,

619

gender differences,

608, 608

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 618

Joint attenuation,

175

Kernberg, Otto,

22–23, 22n, 37, 50–51, 53

Kohut, Heinz,

23

Lamotrigine,

429–430, 477, 481, 482, 580, 584

Lamotrigine and Borderline Personality Disorder: Investigating Long-Term Effectiveness (LABILE),

477

Learning principles,

364

Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS)

about,

53, 70–74, 88, 688–689, 701–704

case examples,

57–59

as developmentally compatible approach,

260

efficacy data,

55–57, 130

elements of,

53–55, 54, 109–110, 110, 689, 699–700

self-report questionnaires on,

55

training requirements,

73–74

Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire (LoPF-Q

12–18), 55

Levels of Personality Functioning Questionnaire for Adolescents From 12

to 18 (LOPF-Q 12-18),

268

Lexical hypothesis of personality,

28, 34–35, 50

Lifetime prevalence,

148–150, 149

Lithium carbonate,

466, 469, 474–475, 485, 510, 579, 616

Longitudinal studies

. See alsospecific studies

about: overview and summary,

231–232, 239, 247–248

on borderline personality disorder,

271

categorical vs. dimensional issues,

235–236

on children and adolescents,

80, 123–124, 237–238, 239, 246–247, 271, 272. See also Children in the Community Study

on comorbidity issues,

236–237

conceptual and methodological issues,

234–239

continuity issues,

236–237

on DSM-IV criteria,

52–53, 239–245. See also Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study

“enduring pattern,” defined,

231

further directions for,

128, 239, 248

on hospitalization rates of BPD patients,

239, 245–246. See also McLean Study of Adult Development

literature review, of early studies,

232–234, 239

literature review, of empirical advances,

239–247

reliability issues,

234–235

sociodemographics,

128, 237–239

Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (LSPD),

233–234

Long-term outpatient group therapy,

442, 444, 445

LPFS

. See Level of Personality Functioning Scale

LPFS—Brief Form (LPFS-BF),

55, 72–73

LPFS—Self-Report (LPFS-SR),

55, 72

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

aging and,

238

co-occurring disorders,

124, 130

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 240–245

differential diagnosis,

131

impulsivity and,

131

in military operational environment,

650

suicide risk and,

545, 548, 552

Maladaptive dependency,

321–322

Malignant narcissism,

84, 131, 319, 344–345, 695

Manic episodes,

131, 132

Manie sans délire,

600

Manipulative help-rejecters,

632

Manipulativeness

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

107, 116, 131–132, 602, 691

boundary issues and,

525

DSM system criteria comparison,

84, 107, 114, 602

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

695

personality disorder–trait specified,

88, 127

as suicide risk factor,

540, 556

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 319

Manual assisted cognitive therapy (MACT),

387

Manualizing treatments,

338–339, 344–345

Marital status,

154–157, 155, 454–455, 612–613

Marriage counseling

. See Couples therapy

Masked depression,

28

Masochistic personality style,

633, 638, 639

McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD),

266, 270, 484

McLean Study of Adult Development (MSAD),

80, 239, 245–246, 546, 547

Media influence, on antisocial personality disorder,

611–612

Medical sabotage,

635–636

Medical settings (inpatient),

627–645

about: overview and summary,

627–628, 641

aggressive, disruptive behavior in,

636

attachment styles and,

629–631

boundary issues in,

638–639

case examples,

634–635, 636–639

challenges of,

629

cognitive-behavioral therapy in,

393–401

collaborative treatment in,

635

co-occurring substance use disorders in,

634–635

coping and defense mechanisms of patients in,

631–633

diagnostic considerations in,

639–641, 641–643

dialectical behavior therapy in,

377–378, 392

group therapy in,

443

intentional sabotage of care in,

635–636

nonadherence to treatment in,

637

overuse of care in,

637–638

pain and sedative medication demands,

634–635

prevalence of PD in,

627–628

psychiatric consultations in,

628

suicide risk management in,

552

therapeutic alliance in,

320, 328–329

treatment nonadherence in,

637

Memantine,

478

Menninger Clinic treatment program,

393–401, 395–399

Mentalization-based developmental model

about: overview and summary,

167, 181–182

attachment theory and,

343–344

early caregiving relationships and,

175–177

implications for personality disorders,

177–181, 274

implications for psychotherapy,

178–182

natural pedagogy and,

173–175

trauma and,

172–173

Mentalization-based therapy (MBT)

about,

343–344, 348–350

for adolescents,

277, 279–280, 284–287

for antisocial personality disorder,

618

for borderline personality disorder,

277, 279–280, 284–287

comparisons to other models,

353, 408, 411, 412

efficacy data,

23–24, 408, 411, 412

as family therapy,

277, 452

as group therapy,

444

mentalization, defined,

343

mentalizing the transference,

349

transference-focused psychotherapy comparison,

348, 349

Methadone,

574, 585–586

Method variance,

33–34

Methylphenidate,

617

Military operational environment,

647–659

about: overview and summary,

647–649, 657

administrative policies on,

649, 653–656

case examples,

648, 652–653, 657

clinical presentation of personality disorders in,

651–653

co-occurring substance use disorders in,

650, 651

epidemiology of mental health disorders in,

649–651, 652

future directions,

658

Million Veterans Project,

571

Mind-body debate,

16–19

Mindfulness orientation,

364–365

Mindfulness skills training,

368, 368, 369, 370, 393, 452

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI),

49–50, 614

Minority issues,

607

Mirroring,

23, 175

Modes (aspects of self),

26–27

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors,

468, 472, 510–511

Moral insanity,

49, 600

Motivational interviewing,

578, 618, 635, 637

Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC),

666–667

Multiaxial diagnosis system,

5, 6–7, 232

Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire,

32

Multifaceted Empathy Task (MET),

667

Multisystemic therapy (MST),

619

Mutative techniques,

347, 349, 353–354

Nalmefene,

585

Naloxone,

582, 585

Naltrexone,

202, 582–583, 584, 585–586, 675

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) clinical features,

690, 694

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

564–565, 566

diagnostic issues,

154

differential diagnosis,

132

DSM-5 Section III criteria (AMPD),

68, 77, 690, 694–695

DSM system criteria comparison,

5, 6–7, 107

epidemiology,

145, 149, 151

in medical settings,

633

pharmacotherapy for,

476

psychological treatment options,

384, 390, 446

suicide risk and,

540–541, 542, 545, 548, 555

theoretical models,

22–23, 28, 38

therapeutic alliance and,

314, 318–319

National Comorbidity Survey,

606

National Comorbidity Survey Replication,

537

National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC),

148, 157–158, 160, 236–237, 543, 545, 564–565, 566, 605, 606–607, 608

National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia, 2012) guideline,

480, 482

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),

616–617

National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE),

408–409, 480, 482

Natural pedagogy,

173–175, 177

Nature-nurture debate (environmental influences),

16–19

Negative Affectivity

about,

132–133

AMPD assessment of,

110–111, 110

AMPD definition,

707, 708

as AMPD trait,

76, 77, 87, 129

antisocial personality disorder specifier,

692

avoidant personality disorder trait,

692

borderline personality disorder trait,

130–131, 693–694

DSM system criteria comparison,

107–108

narcissistic personality disorder specifier,

695

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder trait,

696

personality disorder–trait specified,

88, 127, 697

as PID-5 dimension,

32, 33

schizotypal personality disorder specifier,

697

NEO Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO-PI-R),

31–32, 69, 83

Neurobiology

about: overview and summary,

16, 189–190

of antisocial personality disorder,

211–213, 609–611, 669–670

of avoidant personality disorder,

214–215

of borderline personality disorder,

193–201, 274, 665–666, 667–668, 670–672

of conduct disorder,

213, 669

of dissociation,

676

endophenotype, defined,

190

endophenotype studies,

194–202, 572

future directions,

215–216

of pain,

674–675

of psychopathy,

669

of schizotypal personality disorder,

205–209

of substance use disorders,

572

suicide behavior and,

550–551

theoretical models and,

19, 33

Neuroticism

borderline personality disorder and,

246, 274

heritability of,

17

as physical health predictor,

238

self-reports of,

73

trait theory on,

29, 30, 31, 32, 35

Neuroticism (domain),

78

Neurotic organization,

341, 344–345

New York High-Risk Project,

233

Nicotine use disorder

. See Co-occurring substance use disorders

NMDA antagonists,

478

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)

about: overview and summary,

537, 672–673

borderline personality disorder and,

541–542, 627–675

defined,

541

good psychiatric management for,

408, 428–429

in medical settings,

634, 635–636

pain processing and,

199–200, 672–675

pharmacotherapy for,

469

prevalence of,

541–542

psychological treatment options,

366, 377–378

suicidal intention comparison,

553–554

suicide risk and,

543, 546, 549–551

Norepinephrine,

33, 197

Nortriptyline,

582, 586

Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder,

238

Novelty seeking,

33, 209, 570

Object relations dyads,

341, 343

Object relations theory,

20, 21, 36–37, 339–342

Obsessive-compulsive disorder,

132, 243

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)

case illustration,

58–59

clinical features,

690, 695

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

574–575

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 239–243

differential diagnosis,

132

DSM-5 Section III criteria (AMPD),

68, 77, 690, 695–696

DSM system criteria comparison,

108

epidemiology,

145, 149, 151

in medical settings,

628, 633

psychological treatment options,

390, 454

sociodemographics,

154

suicide risk and,

539, 544

theoretical models,

30

therapeutic alliance and,

316, 320

Olanzapine,

470–471, 479, 481, 581, 584

Omega-3 fatty acids,

477–478, 479

Onset and clinical course,

118

Openness to experience,

29–30, 31

Operant conditioning,

19

Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) interviews,

73

Opioid system,

202, 203, 551, 675

Opioid use disorder,

566, 575, 585–586

Oppositional defiant disorder,

123–124, 615

Optimized community care,

352

OPUS II study,

472

Ostensive cues,

174, 175, 180

Oxcarbazepine,

476–477

Oxytocin,

201–202, 203, 551, 670–672

Pain processing,

199–200, 672–675

Paliperidone,

472

Paliperidone ER,

471

Paranoia (cognitive-perceptual symptom)

neural correlates of,

207

pharmacotherapy for,

471, 480, 485, 581, 582, 584

schizotypal personality disorder and,

112, 203

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312, 321

Paranoid personality disorder (PPD)

differential diagnosis,

125

DSM-5 Section III criteria (AMPD),

68

DSM system criteria comparison,

76, 107, 112–113, 699

epidemiology,

144–145, 149, 151

in medical settings,

633, 636

psychological treatment options,

354, 390

suicide risk and,

539

theoretical models,

38

Parental mirroring,

23, 175

Paris, Joel,

430–431

Participant prescribing,

328

Passive-aggressive personality disorder,

5, 7, 145, 149, 151

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ),

394, 395

Pergolide,

579, 584

Perseveration

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

DSM system criteria comparison,

108

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder trait facet,

108, 132–133, 696

therapeutic alliance challenges,

316

Personality

adaptation vs. pathology of,

14–15. See also Personality pathology

assessment as diagnostic criteria,

13–14

defined,

3, 13, 14

empirical structure of,

78–79

personality styles vs. personality disorders,

3–4

profile of,

29

styles, in medical settings,

632–633

super factor of,

50

theoretical models,

24, 26, 27, 28–30

trait sets and structure of,

74–79, 77. See also Personality traits

Personality Assessment Inventory,

57

Personality Assessment Inventory—Borderline Subscale (PAI-BOR),

263, 266

Personality Assessment Inventory for Adolescents—Borderline Features Scale (PAI-A-BOR),

263, 266, 270

Personality Diagnostic Examination (PDE) interview,

235

Personality disorders

. See alsospecific personality disorders

classification systems,

65–103. See also Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders; Classification systems; DSM system

defined,

10, 231

early identification and prevention

. See Early identification and prevention

epidemiology

. See Epidemiological research

etiology

. See Genetics; Neurobiology

further directions for

. See Translational research, in borderline personality disorder

onset and clinical course,

118. See also Longitudinal studies

pathology development,

15. See also Personality pathology

personality styles vs. personality disorders,

3–4

remission of,

9

in special populations

. See Co-occurring substance use disorders; Medical settings; Military operational environment

stability tenet,

115, 118–120, 231–232

theoretical models,

13–46. See also Theories, of personality disorders

Personality disorder—trait specified (PD-TS)

differential diagnosis,

134–135

DSM-5, Section III criteria (AMPD),

67, 88, 106, 109, 110, 697–698

DSM system criteria comparison,

9, 107–108, 127, 525

Personality dysorganization,

48–49

Personality functioning

. See also Interpersonal functioning; Self functioning

assessment of,

66–67, 68–74

defined,

105

elements of,

68, 69, 688–689, 689

rating of,

699–700, 701–704

Personality-Guided Treatment for Alcohol Dependence,

574

Personality health-sickness,

37

Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5),

31–33, 35, 268–269

Personality Inventory for DSM-5—Brief Form (PID-5-BF),

269

Personality organization (structure), theory of,

22–23, 37, 50–51

Personality pathology

adaptation vs.,

14–15

continuum of,

14–15, 22, 49–51. See also Dimensional classification systems

core dimension of,

47–64. See also Core dimension of personality pathology

defined,

14, 105

etiology,

640–641, 642–643

manifestations,

111–115, 116–117

misconceptions of,

4

remission of,

9

super factor of,

50

theoretical models,

17, 29–30, 339–344

Personality pattern disturbances,

5–6, 5

Personality trait disturbances,

5, 6

Personality traits

. See also Antagonism; Detachment; Disinhibition; Negative Affectivity; Psychoticism

AMPD model,

311, 312–316, 700, 705–706, 707–709, 709

assessment of,

69

definitions and descriptions,

700, 705, 707–709

dimensionality of,

700, 705

distinguishing from symptoms and specific behaviors,

705–706

DSM system comparison,

74–79, 77

theoretical models

. See Trait psychology

trait facets,

28, 29–31, 32, 33n. See alsospecific trait facets

Pervasiveness,

689

Pharmacotherapy,

465–492. See also Borderline personality disorder, pharmacotherapy for; specific drugs

about: overview and summary,

465–467, 486–487

of antisocial personality disorder,

476, 582–583, 584, 586, 616–617

for anxiety disorders,

472, 616

for bipolar disorders,

474–476, 477, 616

case example,

484–486

clinical approaches to,

483–486, 485

for conduct disorder,

616

for co-occurring substance use disorders,

578, 579–583, 584–586

efficacy data,

578, 579–583

future directions for,

482–483

good psychiatric management and,

429–430, 482, 483–484

for histrionic personality disorder,

476

for hostility,

476, 479, 553, 580–582, 584

for impulsivity,

468, 470, 479, 482, 498, 553, 579, 586

international practice guidelines,

478–482, 481

in military operational environment,

651, 655

for narcissistic personality disorder,

476

for paranoia,

471, 480, 485, 581, 582, 584

psychoeducation and,

483–484

for suicide risk management,

469

therapeutic alliance and,

327–328, 483–484

Phenelzine,

468, 472, 481

Phenytoin,

583, 584, 616

Plasticity,

50

Postencounter defensive behaviors,

677–678

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

course and outcome studies,

243–244

differential diagnosis,

132

etiology,

192–193, 197, 544

impulsivity and,

132

in military operational environment,

650–651, 656–657

psychological treatment options,

378

suicide risk and,

544, 545–546

Power asymmetry,

522

Preencounter defensive behaviors,

677

Prevalence studies

about: overview and summary,

143, 162–163

of antisocial personality disorder,

606–607, 608

of clinical populations,

150, 151

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

564, 643

lifetime prevalence,

148–150, 149

medical settings PDs,

627–628

in military operational environment,

650–651

of nonsuicidal self-injury,

541–542

point prevalence,

143, 144–145, 146–148, 149, 262, 271, 537

Primary personality disorder model,

569

Primary substance use disorder model,

568–569

Prison-based studies,

606

Projective identification,

494

Propranolol,

616

Psychiatric hospital settings

. See Medical settings

Psychodynamic interpersonal therapy,

351–352

Psychodynamic psychotherapies,

335–359

about: overview and summary,

335–339, 355

DSM system and,

337, 339

efficacy data,

337–338, 386, 390

indictions for,

344–345, 344n

manualizing of treatments,

338–339, 344–345

nature of personality pathology and,

339–344. See also Psychodynamic theories

therapeutic alliance for,

318, 324–326

types of,

338, 345–354

Psychodynamic theories

about,

19–24

early maladaptive schemas integration with,

26–27

functional domains model comparison,

36–37

on personality pathology,

339–344

psychodynamic, defined,

335

Psychoeducation

cognitive-behavioral therapy and,

384, 385, 388

as couples therapy approach,

456

as family therapy approach,

450, 451

good psychiatric management and,

416, 417–419

with pharmacotherapy,

483–484

for suicide risk management,

553–555

Psychopathic inferiority,

600

Psychopathy

antisocial personality disorder relationship to,

601, 604

differential diagnosis,

210–212

neural correlates of,

213, 669

social cognition impairments and,

669

Psychopathy Checklist (PCL),

604

Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R),

604, 614

Psychoses, differential diagnosis,

614–615

Psychosocial functioning

antisocial personality disorder and,

606–607

suicide risk and,

543–544, 548

Psychotherapy Research Project of the Menninger Foundation,

325, 350–351

Psychoticism

about,

133–134

AMPD assessment of,

110–111, 110

AMPD definition,

709

as AMPD trait,

77, 87, 129, 209

borderline personality disorder specifier,

694

DSM system criteria comparison,

81, 107–108

personality disorder–trait specified,

698

as PID-5 dimension,

32, 33

schizotypal personality disorder trait,

134, 697

Quality of life and dysfunction,

158–162, 160–161

Quetiapine,

471, 482, 485, 582, 584, 616

Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET),

666–667, 669

Reality testing,

207

Regression to the mean,

235

Rejection sensitivity,

201–202, 664

Relapse,

240–241, 244, 246

Relational theories,

20, 21

Relationship mindfulness,

452

Remission (recovery),

240–241, 244–246, 247, 547

Repeated measure studies, reliability of,

235

Restricted affectivity

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

DSM system criteria comparison,

84, 107, 108, 113

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder trait facet,

108, 696

schizotypal personality disorder trait facet,

107, 697

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

316

Restricted affectivity (lack of), AMPD definition,

707

Reward sensitivity pathway,

570

Rigidity,

178–179

Rigid perfectionism

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

differential diagnosis,

131

DSM system criteria comparison,

87, 108, 117

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder trait facet,

87, 108, 114, 115, 117, 696

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

316

Rigid perfectionism (lack of), AMPD definition,

708

Risk taking

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

708

antisocial personality disorder trait facet,

107, 115, 116, 312, 602, 603, 604, 691

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

87, 107, 115, 116, 313, 693–694

differential diagnosis,

78, 115, 131

DSM system criteria comparison,

78, 87, 107, 116, 312, 313, 602, 603, 604

neurobiology of,

213

personality disorder–trait specified,

127

suicide risk and,

274

tattoos and,

614

Risperidone,

469, 472, 481, 485, 579, 581, 584, 616

Rogerian supportive counseling,

387

Sadistic personality disorder,

5, 7, 145

Sadomasochism,

320, 322–324

St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study,

238

Schema-focused therapy (SFT),

26–27, 385–386, 389–390, 445

Schizoid personality disorder

cognitive profile characteristic of,

26

collaborative treatment and,

501

co-occurring disorders,

124–125

course and outcomes,

160–162, 238

DSM-5, Section III criteria (AMPD),

113, 114, 116, 699

DSM system criteria comparison,

5, 6, 38, 106, 107, 116

epidemiology,

145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151

in medical settings,

633

psychological treatment options,

345, 389

sociodemographics,

127, 152–154, 155, 156, 157–158

suicide risk and,

539, 540

theoretical models,

26, 38

Schizophrenia

differential diagnosis,

125, 129, 134, 601

DSM system criteria comparison,

6, 203, 232, 603

genetics of,

191, 204

neural correlates of,

205

pharmacotherapy for,

467, 468, 469–472

psychological treatment options,

450, 451

Schizotypal personality disorder (STPD)

about,

203, 209

childhood precursors of,

203, 204, 237–238

clinical features,

690, 696

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

564–565, 566

course and outcomes,

233, 237, 239, 240–241

course and outcome studies,

52–53, 239–243

differential diagnosis,

129, 134

DSM-5 Section III criteria (AMPD),

77, 82–83, 107, 133–134, 690, 696–697

DSM system criteria comparison,

5, 6, 74, 107, 112, 113, 125

epidemiology,

144–145, 149, 151

etiology,

203–209

interpersonal features of,

114

pharmacotherapy for,

207–208, 466, 467, 468, 469–471, 472, 579, 584

suicide risk and,

539, 544–545

theoretical models,

14

therapeutic alliance and,

311, 312, 317

Secure/autonomous attachments,

168, 169–170, 175–178, 343, 630

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs),

466, 473–474, 479, 498

Selegiline patch,

472–473

Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale,

55

Self-blame

. See Shame

Self-consciousness,

29, 351–352

Self-defeating personality disorder,

5, 7, 145

Self-destructive deniers,

632, 637

Self-direction,

33, 35, 51, 53, 54, 68, 69

Self-esteem,

23, 53, 539

Self functioning

developmental model,

292, 294, 295, 297

as diagnostic criteria,

35, 67–70, 69, 311, 312–316, 664

efficacy data,

337

elements of,

54, 69, 311, 312–316, 689, 699–700

group therapy for,

442

measure of,

70–74, 688–689, 699–700, 701–704. See also Level of Personality Functioning Scale

severity correlation and,

52, 53

translation of DSM-IV personality disorders and,

83–85

Self-harm

. See Nonsuicidal self-injury; Suicide risk assessment and management

Self-medication,

570

Self psychology,

20, 21, 23

Self-reports,

27–28, 34, 54, 55, 68–69, 263, 567

Semi-Structured Interview for Personality Functioning DSM-5 (STiP-5.1),

54

Separation insecurity

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder specifier,

114, 693

borderline personality disorder trait facet,

107, 114, 131, 313

boundary issues and,

525, 694

DSM system criteria comparison,

77, 107, 108

Serotonin,

33, 193, 197, 199, 210, 473, 497–499, 610

Severity Indices of Personality Problems,

57

Shame

about,

550

suicide risk and,

541, 546, 548, 549–550, 555

Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure–II (SWAP-II),

37–38

Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure–II–A (adolescent version, SWAP-II-A),

37–38, 267

Shock incarceration,

619

Short-term outpatient group therapy,

442, 444

SIPP-118,

69

Skills training

cognitive-behavioral therapy component,

384–385, 385, 387–389, 391

in couples therapy,

457

dialectical behavior therapy component,

367–370, 368, 374–375, 392

distress tolerance skills training,

368–369, 368, 453

in group therapy,

444

mindfulness skills training,

368, 368, 369, 370, 393, 452

Social anxiety,

29, 133, 204, 205, 208–209, 214, 393–401

Social avoidance,

33, 33n, 389

Social cognition

cognitive-social theories,

24–27, 37, 50, 173, 175, 668

empathy and,

668–670

mentalization and,

343

neural correlates of,

70, 200–201

Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale: Global Method (SCORS-G),

51, 71

Social communication, development of,

173–175, 178

Social inhibition,

117, 213–214, 502, 690

Social learning theory,

24

Social phobia,

29, 133, 204, 205, 208–209, 214, 393–401

Sociodemographic correlates

age,

153–154

antisocial personality disorder,

606–607, 608

in course and outcome studies,

127–128, 237–239

education and income,

157–158

gender,

152–153

marital status,

154–157, 155

suicide risk and,

543–544, 548

urban location,

158

Sociopathic personality disturbances,

5, 6, 600

Species-specific defense reaction (SSDR) theory,

677

Splitting

borderline personality disorder and,

112

as collaborative therapy challenge,

328–329, 376, 493, 494, 499, 500, 501, 504, 635

co-occurring substance use disorders and,

504

defensive splitting,

326, 340, 343, 494

in medical settings,

328–329, 635

of self,

317–318, 340, 341–342, 343

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

317–318, 329

Split treatment,

376, 493, 500, 501

Stepped care models,

409–410, 430–434

Stigmatization,

276–277, 290, 651

Stimulants,

429, 586, 617

St. Louis Personality and Aging Network (SPAN) study,

238

Strange Situation procedure,

168–169

Stress-diathesis (biosocial) model,

274, 362–364, 391, 452, 538, 549

Stressful life events,

238, 546–547, 570, 629

Stress response,

215, 294, 297, 570, 672

Structural Analysis of Social Behavior,

21

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II),

69

Structured Clinical Interview for the Level of Personality Functioning Scale (SCID-5-AMPD Module I),

54–55

Structured clinical management (SCM),

408–409, 411, 412, 413

Structured Interview of Personality Organization,

51

Submissiveness

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder specifier,

114, 693

boundary issues,

525

dependent personality disorder trait facet,

114

DSM system criteria comparison,

108

personality disorder–trait specified,

127, 135

Substance use disorders

. See Co-occurring substance use disorders

Suicide risk assessment and management,

537–561

about: overview and summary,

537–538, 556

acute-on-chronic risk model,

538, 542–547, 552

acute risk for suicide,

538, 545–547

adolescent and,

277, 540, 543, 546

case example,

554

chronic risk for suicide,

538, 542–545

clinical assessment,

551–556

collaborative treatment for,

510–511

course of suicide behavior,

547–549

crisis kit for,

554–555

epidemiology,

538–542

family therapy for,

451–452

good psychiatric management for,

408, 428–429

literature search parameters,

538

model pathways,

538, 549–551

pharmacotherapy for,

469

psychological treatment options,

361, 366, 370–371, 376–377, 387, 391, 392

risk factors,

542–547

serotonin levels and,

199

sociodemographics,

238

suicide safety plan,

554

Superego,

340

Supportive-expressive therapies,

350–351, 354

Suspiciousness

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

avoidant personality disorder specifier,

693

differential diagnosis,

125

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 112, 114, 115, 116, 501

paranoid personality disorder and,

107, 112, 114, 115

schizotypal personality disorder trait facet,

107, 112, 114, 207, 697

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

312

Swedish Psychiatric Society,

479

Swiss Association for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Task Force pharmacotherapy guidelines,

482

Symptom domains,

478–479, 480, 482, 484, 485

Systemic therapies,

450–451, 619

Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS),

289, 387–388, 389, 442, 444–445

Temperament dimensions,

33

Temporal lobe epilepsy,

615

Test-retest studies,

235

Theories, of personality disorders,

13–46

about: overview and summary,

13–15, 38

cognitive social theories,

24–27

developmental psychology,

18–19, 168–173. See also Attachment theory; Developmental psychology

functional domains model,

36–38

integrative approaches,

35–38. See also Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders

psychodynamic theories,

19–24

psychosocial vs. biological approaches,

16–19

trait theories,

27–35. See also Trait psychology

Theory of mind (ToM),

666–668, 669–670

Therapeutic alliance,

307–333

about: overview and summary,

307–308, 330

alliances, defined,

308–309

antisocial personality disorder and,

312, 317

avoidant personality disorder and,

315, 319

borderline personality disorder and,

313, 317–318

challenges of,

311–320, 618

with cognitive behavioral therapies,

326–327

maladaptive dependency and,

321–322

in medical settings,

328–329

narcissistic personality disorder and,

314, 318–319

nosology considerations,

310–311

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and,

316, 320

paranoia and,

321

for pharmacotherapy management,

327–328, 483–484

in psychodynamic psychotherapies,

318, 324–326

sadomasochistic character and,

322–324

schizotypal personality disorder and,

311, 312, 317

stages of,

309

strains and ruptures of,

309–310, 318, 322, 323–324, 329

for suicide risk management,

555

supportive-expressive therapy and,

351

Thiothixene,

467

Tobacco use disorder,

566

ToM (theory of mind),

666–668, 669–670

Topiramate,

476, 481, 482, 580, 584, 585

Trait psychology

about,

19, 27–28

adolescent trait stability,

272–275

as developmentally compatible approach,

260

five-factor model of personality,

28–32. See also Five-factor model of personality

lexical hypothesis of personality,

28, 34–35

method variance of,

33–34

Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5),

31–33, 35

subordinate levels,

33n

temperament dimensions,

33

trait, defined,

27

Transference

boundary issues and,

524, 526, 531

group therapy and,

440–441, 446

therapeutic alliances and,

325–326

Transference-focused psychotherapy (TFP)

about,

346–348

for adolescents,

277

for borderline personality disorder,

277

comparisons to other models,

353, 390

efficacy data,

338, 390

efficacy of,

23–24

mentalization-based therapy comparison,

348, 349

therapeutic alliance and,

324–325

Transference interpretations,

336, 338, 349

Transference tracers,

349–350

Translational research, in borderline personality disorder,

663–685

about: overview and summary,

663, 678

on dissociation,

675–678

future directions,

678

on interpersonal functioning impairment,

663–672

on nonsuicidal self-injury and pain,

672–675

on oxytocin,

670–672

on perceptual alterations,

672–678

on social cognition and empathy,

664, 666–672

Tranylcypromine,

468, 472, 481

Trauma and abuse history

antisocial personality disorder and,

611

attachment and,

177

biosocial theory on,

363

borderline personality disorder and,

172, 178, 192, 243

boundary issues and,

519, 528

epigenetics of,

192

genes and,

18

neural correlates of,

213

personality disorders and,

343

suicide risk and,

544

Traumatic brain injuries,

642, 656

Trazodone,

616

Treatment manuals,

338–339, 344–345

Treatment nonadherence,

637

Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA),

467, 472, 481, 510–511

Trifluoperazine,

468

True variance,

34

Trust Game,

201

12-Step Facilitation Therapy (TSFT),

574, 575

Unresolved/disorganized attachment style,

168, 169, 171, 631, 664

Unusual beliefs or experiences,

77, 112, 127–128, 312, 697, 709

Urban location,

158

U.S. military

. See Military operational environment

Validation,

375

Valproate,

481, 583, 584, 616

Valproate sodium,

580, 584

Valproic acid,

476, 477–478

Venlafaxine,

473

Veterans,

567, 571. See also Military operational environment

Vicarious reinforcement,

367

Video games,

612

Westen’s functional domains model,

34–35, 36–38

Wilderness programs,

619

Withdrawal

AMPD assignment,

77

AMPD definition,

707

antisocial personality disorder specifier,

692

avoidant personality disorder trait facet,

107, 114, 133–134, 693

couples therapy and,

455

DSM system criteria comparison,

107, 114

personality disorder–trait specified,

135

schizotypal personality disorder trait facet,

107, 114, 133, 697

with substance use disorders,

567–568, 585–586, 634–635

as suicide risk factor,

541, 555

as therapeutic alliance challenge,

310, 312, 313, 315, 322

Withdrawal ruptures,

310, 322

World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0),

394, 396

World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5),

394, 396

Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD),

471, 477, 478, 484

Zen mindfulness,

365, 368

Ziprasidone,

581, 584