Index

Absolute trust,

115, 183

Abuse, and distrust of self,

131–132. See also Maltreatment

Acceptance, and critical judgment of psychotherapist,

161

Adult Attachment Interview,

76, 82

Agency, and interpersonal hope,

143–144

Ainsworth, Mary,

71, 72, 73, 82, 91

Alice in Wonderland (Carroll 1865),

8

Alloparenting,

92–93, 98. See also Intensive mothering

American Psychological Association,

6–7

Anna Freud Centre,

80, 81

Anthropology, and cross-cultural critiques of attachment theory,

90, 94, 107

Anxious attachment,

72, 73

Appiah, Kwame Anthony,

31–32, 158

Aptitude assumption, and concept of good life,

35

Aquinas, Saint Thomas,

139

Aristotle,

30, 31, 36

Art, and psychotherapy as craft,

38–39

As if mode, and intentional stance,

53

Assimilative integration,

21, 23

Attachment, and attachment theory

. See also Anxious attachment; Avoidant attachment; Disorganized attachment; Insecure attachment; Secure attachment

couples therapy and injuries of,

126

cross-cultural critiques of,

xxvii–xxviii, 89–96, 97–98, 107, 176

relationship with self and,

130

secure or insecure forms of,

69–79

Attention,

68, 71, 117

attachment patterns and,

71, 73

coercion of reliance and undermining of trust,

114

dyadic,

91

joint attention and intentionality,

xiii, 60–61, 67, 86, 172

patterns of,

27–28

selective,

124

vigilance and,

123

Attunement, and concept of good life,

34, 149

Autonomy

balance of love and respect,

158–159, 159

balance of self-trust and self-distrust,

136

cultural variation in,

93–94, 95, 97, 106

psychological versus action,

93–94

reactance and fear of losing,

17

secure attachment and,

73, 78, 130

therapeutic neutrality and,

163, 165

Avoidant attachment,

72, 73, 78

Baier, Annette,

xv, 107–108, 111, 118–119, 120, 122

Barkham, Michael,

18–19, 20

Basic trust

attachment relationships and,

77–79

epistemic trust and,

96–98

instrumental trust and,

119–120

self-trust and,

133–134

Bateman, Anthony,

79, 81–82, 134, 168

Beebe, Beatrice,

76, 83

Benjamin, Jessica,

xxviii, 157, 169–173, 174–176, 177–180

Betrayal, and couples therapy,

126–127

Beyond Doer and Done To (Benjamin 2018),

171

Bishop, Michael,

37

Borrowed hope, and depression,

143

Boundaries

prevention of distrust and,

125

therapeutic neutrality and,

163

Bowlby, John,

xxv, 69–70, 70–71, 72, 73, 89, 90, 91

Burden, hope and concept of,

144–145

Capacity

development of trust and,

69, 73–74

shared intentionality and,

171

Care

act of trusting in,

118–120

competence in attachment theory and,

77

Case examples, and trustworthiness of psychotherapists,

176–182, 187–192

Categorical imperative, as ethical principle,

157

Change, treatment preferences and readiness for,

15–16

Charity, communication and attitude of,

110

Children

. See Attachment; Development; Intensive mothering

Coercion, and reliance,

113–114

Collaboration, and second-personal relationships,

63

Collective intentionality

epistemic trust and,

85

social trust and,

98–100

transition from joint intentionality to,

57, 63–67, 69

Common factors in psychotherapy mentalizing as,

82

therapeutic relationship and,

7–13, 22

Communication

. See alsoLanguage

accuracy, and trustworthiness of,

108–109

sincerity, and trustworthiness of,

108–109

social fabric and trust in,

108–110

treatment of autism spectrum disorders and,

5

Community, and social trust,

107–110

Competence, and trusting,

67–69, 77, 120–122

Confidence, and faith,

146–147

Conflict

in couples therapy,

128

therapeutic relationships and,

10

Conscientiousness, and self-trust,

133–134

Consultation, and professional

development of psychotherapists,

41–44

Contempt, and couples therapy,

126–127

Contextual model of psychotherapy,

xxv, 21–22

Continuing education and professional development of psychotherapists,

41–44

Conversation, and concept of the Third,

170, 171

Cooperation and intentionality,

56–57, 63, 69

Coronavirus pandemic, and impact of social isolation on mental health,

55

Countertransference, and moral reactive attitudes,

159–160. See also Therapeutic relationships

Counting on, and trustworthiness,

111, 111–112, 114, 131

Couples therapy

defensiveness and,

126

issues of trust and distrust in,

125–129

Criticism, and couples therapy,

126

Culture

. See alsoWEIRD

critiques of attachment theory and,

xxvii–xxviii, 89–96, 97–98, 107, 176

cultural competence of psychotherapists,

13–14

development of cooperation and evolution of,

57, 68

individualizing of psychotherapy and,

13–15

mentalizing and,

97

social trust and,

98–100

Deliberate practice, and professional development of psychotherapists,

44–45

Demoralization, and common factors in psychotherapy,

9

Dennett, Daniel,

25, 52–53, 54, 59, 85

Dependency, and ethical basis of trust,

106

Dependent Rational Animals (MacIntyre 1999),

106

Depression

borrowed hope and,

143

distrust of self and,

131

positive psychology and,

37

Development

attachment patterns of infant and,

72–74, 73

epistemic trust and,

85–87

intentional stance and,

52–55

of mind,

54–55

transition from “you and I” to “we” in,

55–69

Diagnosis, adaptions of psychotherapy beyond,

6–7, 8

Disorganized attachment

attachment trauma and,

74–77

description of,

73

disabled caregiving system and,

77

Dissociation

in clinical example,

177–180

distrust of self and,

131

Distrust,

11, 69, 70, 83, 108, 119, 122–125, 139, 165

attachment trauma and,

74, 78, 169

in couples therapy,

125–129

in development of alliance,

10

in infants,

73–74

of self,

129–136

spiritual trauma and,

14

Dodo bird verdict, and validity of specific treatments,

8, 19, 20, 45

Doubt

as intrinsic to faith,

147–148

model of hope and,

140

Dynamics of Faith, The (Tillich 1957),

146

Efficacy, and effectiveness

evidence-based practice and,

6, 7

research on psychotherapists and,

19

Elasticity, in intentional stance,

53–54

Ellis, Tom,

3–5, 12

Emotion(s)

attachment theory and emotional well-being,

70–71

characterization of attachment as emotional bond,

78

development of infants and sharing of,

57, 58–59

happiness and emotional condition,

34

pedagogy and,

86–87

Empathy

as common factor in psychotherapy,

9–10

second-personal relationships and,

62

Empirically supported treatments, and evidence-based practice,

6

Epistemic trust

basic trust and,

96–98

mentalizing and,

79–88

self-trust and,

133–134

Erikson, Erik,

xxv, 77, 118

Ethics

basic and epistemic trust and,

96

concept of good life and,

29, 32–36, 70, 149

intentionality and,

68

moral basis of trusting and,

105–107

moral basis of trustworthiness and,

157–162

psychotherapists and knowledge of,

28–37

relational trustworthiness and,

169–170

Evidence-based practice of psychotherapy,

3–7

Evolution, and development of trust,

56– 57, 68, 92

Expectations, and role of hope in psychotherapy,

145

Exposure therapy, for posttraumatic stress disorder,

121–122. See also Systematic desensitization

Externalizing,

8, 17

Facial expressions, and tacit knowledge,

25

Faith, and concept of hope in psychotherapy,

145–151

Faulkner, Paul,

xv, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116, 117, 120

Fear, and model of hope,

140

Feedback, and professional development as psychotherapist,

39

Flow, as optimal balance of skill and challenge,

34

Foa, Edna,

121–122

Fonagy, Peter,

xxv, xxvii, 5, 51, 79–88, 93, 96, 100, 109, 124, 125, 134, 155, 156, 171, 183

Forgotten Truths (Smith 1992),

3

Freud, Sigmund,

xx, 8, 162

Gaslighting, and distrust of self,

132

Gender

. See Sexual orientation and gender identity

Gergely, George,

85–87

Good life, and ethics,

29, 32–36, 149

Good Society, concept of,

100–101

Gottman, John,

xv, xxv, xxviii, 105, 125–129, 158

Gut feelings,

25, 59, 124, 133

Handbook of Attachment (Cassidy and Shaver 2016),

xxv

Happiness, and concept of good life,

34–36

Happiness: A Short Introduction (Haybron 2013),

32

Hawley, Katherine,

106, 115, 116, 124–125, 132, 135, 183

Haybron, Daniel,

32–36, 149

Hays, Sharon,

90–91, 94, 95, 97, 100–101

Hierarchical relatedness, in traditional societies,

93

Holmes, Jeremy,

xxviii, 38, 53, 79, 130

Hope, and trust in psychotherapy,

136–151

How Can I Be Trusted? (Potter 2002),

156

How and Why Are Some Therapists Better than Others? (Castonguay and Hill 2017),

38

Hrdy, Sarah,

92, 97, 98

Humanism, science-informed,

3, 29

Hypervigilance, and suspicion,

123

Individualizing, of psychotherapy,

13–17

Influence, and therapeutic neutrality,

164

Initial bond, and contextual model,

21

Insecure attachment,

70–79, 73, 83, 91

Instrumental trust, and basic trust,

119–120

Intensive mothering, attachment theory and model of,

90–91, 94–95, 176

Intentionality, and intentional stance

. See also Collective intentionality; Joint intentionality; Shared intentionality

anthropomorphizing of plants and,

54

development of trust and,

52–55, 57–64

epistemic trust and,

85

evolution and,

56–57

Internalizing, and personality traits,

17

Interpersonal hope, and socially extended agency,

143–144

Interpersonal skill, and professional development of psychotherapists,

45–47

James, William,

23

Jaspers, Karl,

148

Jobes, David,

12

Joint intentionality

development of trust and,

57, 59–64, 65, 68

mentalizing and epistemic trust in,

84

Jones, Karen,

xv, 111–112, 113, 114, 117, 120, 122–123, 124, 130

Kant, Immanuel,

156, 157–158, 161, 162, 183

Keller, Heidi,

91–92, 99

Keyes, Corey,

29–30, 36

Korsgaard, Christine,

32, 56

Lagerspetz, Olli,

xv, 106–107, 108, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119

Lancy, David,

97–98

Language

. See also Communication collective intentionality and,64

joint intentionality and,

61

Left hemisphere, reconciliation of with right hemisphere,

26–28

Levine, Robert,

91

Licensing hope, as metaphor,

141, 142

Life Scientific (BBC radio podcast),

80

Linehan, Marsha,

134–135

Living, personal knowledge and problems in,

28. See also Good life

Loewald, Hans,

162, 169

Love, and balance with respect,

157–158, 159

Main, Mary,

72, 74–75, 76, 82

Maltreatment, and attachment trauma,

75. See also Abuse

Managed care, and evidence-based practice,

6

Martin, Adrienne,

xv, 137–138, 139, 140, 141, 142–144, 146–147, 148

Master and the Emissary, The (McGilchrist 2019),

27

McLeod, Carolyn,

xv, 84, 111, 112–113, 114, 130, 134, 136

Menninger, Karl,

32, 137, 138–139, 145, 186

Menninger Clinic,

xx, xxi

Mental health

. See also Psychiatric disorders;Suicide

coronavirus pandemic and impact of social isolation on,

55

shift in focus from mental illness to,

29–31

Mentalizing

couples therapy and,

126, 129

curiosity and,

161

epistemic trust and,

79–88, 96–98

failures of,

126–127, 136

individual psychotherapy and,

100

reliance on others and,

111–112

secure attachment and,

xxvii

sensitivity in parent-child interaction and,

91

Mental space, as metaphor,

170

Meta-analyses, and research on psychotherapy,

xi, 9

Metaphors, and unconscious processes,

26

Mind

developmental psychology and,

54–55

intentionality and,

52

Minimal decency, and technical competence,

120

Misattunement, and attachment trauma,

75

Moral Third,

70–171, 173–176

acknowledgment and

174, 180

lawfulness and,

174, 180

music and,

170–171

Morality, and morals

. See also Moral Third collective intentionality and,65, 66–67

ethical basis of trusting and,

105–107

ethical basis of trustworthiness and,

157–162

ethics as distinct from,

31–32

good life and,

33

reliance and,

112–114

second-personal relationships and,

62

Murdoch, Iris,

68, 78

Natural pedagogy, and epistemic trust,

86

Neglect, and distrust of self,

131, 132. See also Maltreatment

Nine-month revolution, and joint intentionality,

59–61

Nonjudgmental attitude, of psychotherapist,

160–162

Normative trust

communication and,

110

second-personal relationships and,

63

Objectivity, and collective intentionality,

65

Open vigilance, and distrust,

123–124

Oral history, and couples therapy,

126, 127

Osler, Sir William,

13

Outcomes

assessment of, and professional development of psychotherapist,

39

factors beyond psychotherapy,

17

Panic attacks, and distrust of self,

131

Paranoia, and distrust,

124

Parenting

. See Alloparenting; Intensive mothering

Patients

. See also Psychotherapists; Psychotherapy; Therapeutic relationships

transdiagnostic characteristics of and individualizing of psychotherapy,

13

treatment preferences and readiness of for change,

15–16

trust as reciprocal,

xxv

trustworthiness in writing of personal formulations and,

183–192

Pedagogy, and epistemic trust,

86–87

Performance, and unconscious knowledge,

25

Personal formulations

detailed formulations of sessions,

184

case example,

187–192

key features of,

185

praise and,

184

trustworthiness in writing of,

183–192

Personal influence, and therapeutic neutrality,

164

Personality traits, and reactance,

16–17

Personal knowledge

role of in psychotherapy,

23–28

use of term,

3

Persuasion and Healing (Frank 1961),

8–9

Peterson, Christopher,

36–37

Philosophy

author’s approach to psychotherapy and trust,

xv–xvi

epistemology and,

83

ethics and,

29

Phobias,

2, 121

Play, and nonpedagogical cultural learning,

98

Plight, and movement from hopelessness to hope,

140, 141

Polanyi, Michael,

23, 24, 25

Positive psychology,

36–37

Posttraumatic stress disorder,

121–122

Professional development of psychotherapist

mastering craft of psychotherapy and,

37–47

psychotherapy integration and,

21

Professional practice, and role of trust in psychotherapy,

xxvi

Pruyser, Paul,

137, 138, 139, 140, 141–142, 143, 144, 146, 148

Psychiatric disorders, adaptations of psychotherapy beyond diagnosis of,

6–7, 8. See also Autism spectrum disorders; Depression; Dissociation; Mental health; Panic attacks; Phobias; Posttraumatic stress disorder; Trauma

Psychoanalysis

concept of neutrality and,

162, 163

concept of resistance and,

16

mentalizing and,

81

therapeutic neutrality and,

162

use of term the Third and,

169–172

Psychotherapists

. See alsoBoundaries; Psychotherapy; Research; Therapeutic relationships cultural competence of, 13–14

evidence-based practice and,

3–7

knowledge of ethics in,

28–37

nonjudgmental attitude of,

160–167

no-suicide contracts and,

135–136

personal development of author as,

xix–xxi, 83

professional development and mastering of craft by,

37–47

shift in focus from therapy to therapist,

2–3, 4, 18–20, 155

skill in being human and competence of,

46–47

writing of personal formulations by,

183–192

Psychotherapy

. See alsoCountertransference; Couples therapy; Exposure therapy; Patients; Psychotherapists; Research; Trust; Trustworthiness

adaptations of beyond diagnosis of psychiatric disorders,

6–7, 8

attachment theory and,

69–70, 73, 78, 88–89, 98

case examples of trustworthiness in context of,

176–182, 187–192

commentary on author’s approach to role of trust in,

xiii–xvii

as craft,

xxviii, 38–39

deciding to trust and,

117–118

degrees of trust and,

116

distrust and,

122–125

emotions and interpretation of mental states,

59

epistemic trust and,

87–88, 96–98

hoping in trust and,

136–151

individualizing of,

13–17

integration approach to,

21–23

intentional stance and development of mind,

54–55

joint intentionality and,

68

learning of distrust and,

119

mentalizing and,

80–81, 82, 83, 100

personal knowledge and,

23–28

reflections on issues of trust and trustworthiness in,

182–183

relevance of trust to practice of,

xxv–xxviii

self-trust and,

131, 134–135, 136

shift in focus from therapy to therapist,

2–3, 4, 18–20, 155

social communication and,

109

social trust and,

99–101, 107

therapeutic relationships and trustworthiness in,

169–176

trust and outcome of,

156

use of term,

2

Pursuit of Unhappiness, The (Haybron 2008),

32

Questionnaire, on treatment preferences of patient,

15

Randomized controlled trials, and evidence-based practice,

6

Reactance, and personality traits,

16–17

Reality, and hoping in trust,

138

Recognition, and therapeutic relationship,

169–170, 172–173

Relatedness, cultural variation in,

93–94

Relationships

. See Couples therapy; Role-reversals; Second-personal relationships; Social networks; Therapeutic relationships

Reliance, as condition for trust,

110–114

Religion

as aspect of culture,

14–15

concept of faith and,

145–146, 147, 148

intentional stance and,

54

Renik, Owen,

162, 164–166, 167–169, 175

Research

on attachment theory,

70

on cultural adaptations of psychotherapy,

13–15

on effectiveness of types of psychotherapy,

7–13

outcome assessment and,

39

therapist effects and,

18–20

Resistance, psychoanalysis and concept of,

16

Respect

balance between love and,

157–158, 159

second-personal relationships and,

62

Restoration of trust in couples therapy,

127–129

Right hemisphere, reconciliation of with left hemisphere,

26–28

Rogers, Carl,

10, 12

Role-reversals

attachment trauma and,

75

joint intentionality and,

61–62

Rotter, Julian,

166

Scientism, and conduct of psychotherapy,

3, 23

Second-personal relationships

development of trust and trustworthiness,

61–64

epistemic trust and,

84

Secure attachment,

70–79, 73, 82, 83, 91, 97, 110, 130, 159

Secure Base, A (Bowlby 1988),

69–70

Selectivity, in trust and distrust,

123

Self

balance of with interests of others,

93

concept of good life and fulfillment of,

33

secure attachment and dependence on,

71

trust and distrust of,

129–136

Self-care, role of in competence and trustworthiness of therapists,

46

Self-disclosure, and therapeutic relationship,

166–167, 182

Self-doubt, and professional development of psychotherapist,

46

Seligman, Martin,

36–37

Sensitive responsiveness, and attachment,

72

Sexual orientation and gender identity,

8, 15, 65, 90–91

Shared intentionality, and development of trust,

56, 57–58, 64, 86, 171

Social creation, human mind as,

55

Socially extended agency, and interpersonal hope,

143–144

Social networks, and childcare,

92

Social referencing, and joint intentionality,

60, 61

Social trust

collective intentionality and,

98

community and,

107–108

culture and,

98–100

definition of,

97

Society for the Exploration of Psychotherapy Integration,

21

Socrates,

30

Spirituality, as aspect of culture,

14–15

Stages-of-change model, and concept of resistance,

16

Stonewalling, and couples therapy,

126

Storytelling, and intentional stance,

53

Strange Situation, and study of attachment,

72, 74–75, 76

Strategic trust, and intentional stance,

56

Strawson, Peter,

156, 159–160

Subjectivity, and intentional stance,

55

Suicide, and suicidality

in case example,

187, 188, 189, 191

cultivation of hope,

140–141

distrust of self and,

132

no-suicide contracts,

135–136

reliance as necessary condition for trust and,

110

specialized treatment for,

12

Supervision, and professional development of psychotherapists,

41–44

Suspicion, and distrust,

123, 124

Swanton, Christine,

156, 157, 158, 160–161

Symbols, and concept of faith,

148

Systematic desensitization, and psychotherapy for phobia,

2, 121

Tacit knowledge, as type of personal knowledge,

24–26

Therapeutic alliance,

10–16, 22, 39. See also Countertransference; Therapeutic relationships

as factor in adaptations of psychotherapy,

8

interpersonal skill and development of,

46

supervision and,

42–43

Therapeutic neutrality, and trustworthiness,

159, 162–169

Therapeutic relationships

concept of the Third and issue of trustworthiness in,

169–176, 178–179, 180, 181, 182

common factors in psychotherapy and,

7–13

Therapists

. SeePsychotherapists

Third, the

. See Therapeutic relationships

Three-place trust, and degrees of trust,

115, 116, 133

Tillich, Paul,

146, 147–148

Tomasello, Michael,

xiii, xxvii, xxviii, 55– 69, 70, 73, 79, 82, 90, 93, 98, 100, 169, 171, 183

Transdiagnostic characteristics of patients,

13

Transgender individuals,

15

Transparency

concept of good life and,

35

trustworthiness in psychotherapy and,

183

Trauma

attachment theory and,

74–77, 99

social trust and,

99

spiritual forms of,

14

Trust, and trusting

. See also Basic trust; Development; Distrust; Epistemic trust; Normative trust; Psychotherapists; Psychotherapy; Strategic trust; Trustworthiness

author’s approach to psychotherapy and,

xiii–xvii

in care,

118–120

as common factor,

11

community and,

107–110

competence and,

120–122

cross-cultural critiques of attachment theory and,

xxvii–xxviii, 89–96, 97–98, 107

decisions on,

116–118

degrees of,

114–116

ethical-moral basis of,

105–107

major facets of in social context,

96–101

mentalizing and,

79–88

noncoercive quality of,

113

overview of relevance to psychotherapy,

xxv–xxviii

placing of,

114–116

reflections on issue of in psychotherapy,

182–183

reliance and,

110–114

of self,

129–136

Trustworthiness

. See alsoPsychotherapists; Psychotherapy; Trust

case examples of,

176–182, 187–192

of communication,

108–109

contributors to,

111

distrust and,

122–125

ethical-moral basis of,

157–162

personal formulations and,

183–192

reflections on issue of in psychotherapy,

182–183

as relationship-specific,

xxviii, 156, 169–176

self-care of therapist and,

46

Two-place trust, and degrees of trust,

115–116

Uncertainty

concept of hoping in trust and,

139

as intrinsic to faith,

147–148

Unconscious processes, and personal knowledge,

24–26

Validation and self-trust,

134–135

Vigilance and distrust,

123–124

Virtue, and concept of good life,

33

Vital Balance, The (Menninger 1963),

32

Vulnerability, and ethical basis of trust,

106–107

Wachtel, Paul,

18

Wampold, Bruce,

xxv, 12, 18, 21–22, 41, 46

Weisner, Thomas,

99

Well-being, and good life,

33–34

“We” mode,

61, 62, 70, 170

collective intentionality and,

63, 64, 65,

commentary on author’s study of trust and,

xiii–xiv

couples therapy and,

127

cultural “we,”

66,

joint commitment and,

63

joint goal and,

78

the Third and,

170, 172,

WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic world), and cultural assumptions,

xiv, xxviii, 90, 92, 94, 95, 99, 100, 107. See also Culture

Williams, Bernard,

xxvi, 30, 108–109, 110

Witnessing, and therapeutic relationship,

174–175, 180

Wittgenstein, Ludwig,

118

World Health Organization,

29–30