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Published Online: 5 November 2024

Changes in Mental Health Services Use Under the ACA in One State: Role of Mental Health Provider Shortages

Abstract

Objective:

This study aimed to examine whether changes in mental health services use under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) differed in Mental Health Professional Shortage Areas (MHPSAs) versus non-MHPSAs.

Methods:

Multiple waves of data from the California Health Interview Survey (2011–2018) were analyzed. The sample (N=10,497) was restricted to adults (ages 18–64) who reported experiencing serious psychological distress (SPD) during the past 12 months. MHPSAs were identified by using scores from the Health Resources and Services Administration and were matched to respondents’ zip codes. Weighted logistic regression and generalized linear models were used to identify adjusted changes in the rates of four measures of mental health services use (any primary care visit for mental health reasons, any specialty mental health care visit, any prescription psychiatric medication, and total number of outpatient visits for mental health) before and after implementation of the ACA.

Results:

Rates of uninsured nonelderly adults with SPD in MHPSAs and non-MHPSAs decreased under the ACA. Changes in rates of specialty mental health services use under the ACA were statistically significant only in non-MHPSAs. Changes in mental health services use did not differ significantly between MHPSAs and non-MHPSAs for any of the four measures.

Conclusions:

Changes in the four measures of mental health use under the ACA did not differ in MHPSAs versus non-MHPSAs. Future research into the ACA’s long-term effects should examine systemic and structural barriers to mental health care and to having sufficient numbers of mental health professionals.

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Psychiatric Services

History

Received: 17 December 2023
Revision received: 5 June 2024
Accepted: 11 July 2024
Published online: 5 November 2024

Keywords

  1. mental health services use
  2. Affordable Care Act
  3. mental health professional shortages
  4. mental health professional shortage areas (MHPSAs)

Authors

Details

Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Kim); The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts (Hodgkin, Larson, Doonan).
Dominic Hodgkin, Ph.D.
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Kim); The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts (Hodgkin, Larson, Doonan).
Mary Jo Larson, Ph.D.
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Kim); The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts (Hodgkin, Larson, Doonan).
Michael Doonan, Ph.D.
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Kim); The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts (Hodgkin, Larson, Doonan).

Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Kim ([email protected]).

Competing Interests

The authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

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