Outcomes of Nontransitioned Cases in a Sample at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis
Abstract
Objective:
Method:
Results:
Conclusions:
Method
Participants and Procedure
Measures
Follow-up assessment.
Baseline assessment.
Statistical Analyses
Results
Sample Characteristics
Frequency and Comorbidity of Nonpsychotic Disorders at Follow-Up
Entire Cohort (N=226) | 1993–2000 Subsample (N=82) | 2001–2003 Subsample (N=77) | 2004–2006 Subsample (N=67) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Any disorder | 154 | 68.1 | 56 | 68.3 | 53 | 68.8 | 45 | 67.2 |
Mood disorder | 110 | 48.7 | 41 | 50.0 | 34 | 44.2 | 35 | 52.2 |
Major depressive disorder | 92 | 40.7 | 35 | 42.7 | 29 | 37.7 | 28 | 41.8 |
Dysthymic disorder | 8 | 3.5 | 2 | 2.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 6 | 9.0 |
Bipolar I disordera | 6 | 2.7 | 2 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.9 | 1 | 1.5 |
Bipolar II disordera | 3 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 3.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
Otherb | 2 | 0.9 | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 1.3 | 0 | 0.0 |
Anxiety disorder | 78 | 34.5 | 30 | 36.6 | 23 | 29.9 | 25 | 37.3 |
Panic disorder with agoraphobia | 11 | 4.9 | 2 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.9 | 6 | 9.0 |
Panic disorder without agoraphobia | 16 | 7.1 | 6 | 7.3 | 4 | 5.2 | 6 | 9.0 |
Agoraphobia without panic | 6 | 2.7 | 3 | 3.7 | 3 | 3.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
Social phobia | 25 | 11.1 | 11 | 13.4 | 6 | 7.8 | 8 | 11.9 |
Specific phobia | 8 | 3.5 | 2 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.9 | 3 | 4.5 |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 14 | 6.2 | 6 | 7.3 | 2 | 2.6 | 6 | 9.0 |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 7 | 3.1 | 3 | 3.7 | 2 | 2.6 | 2 | 3.0 |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 10 | 4.4 | 6 | 7.3 | 2 | 2.6 | 2 | 3.0 |
Otherc | 6 | 2.7 | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 2.6 | 2 | 3.0 |
Substance use disorder | 66 | 29.2 | 27 | 32.9 | 21 | 27.3 | 18 | 26.9 |
Alcohol abuse | 23 | 10.5 | 10 | 12.2 | 8 | 10.4 | 5 | 7.5 |
Alcohol dependence | 20 | 8.8 | 10 | 12.2 | 5 | 6.5 | 5 | 7.5 |
Cannabis abuse | 7 | 3.1 | 2 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.9 | 2 | 3.0 |
Cannabis dependence | 33 | 14.6 | 16 | 19.5 | 9 | 11.7 | 8 | 11.9 |
Amphetamine/stimulant abuse | 15 | 6.6 | 6 | 7.3 | 5 | 6.5 | 4 | 6.0 |
Amphetamine/stimulant dependence | 10 | 4.4 | 3 | 3.7 | 4 | 5.2 | 3 | 4.5 |
Other drug abused | 14 | 6.2 | 4 | 4.9 | 6 | 7.8 | 4 | 6.0 |
Other drug dependenced | 7 | 3.1 | 3 | 3.7 | 1 | 1.3 | 3 | 4.5 |
Somatoform disordere | 6 | 2.7 | 4 | 4.9 | 1 | 1.3 | 1 | 1.5 |
Eating disorderf | 11 | 4.9 | 2 | 2.4 | 3 | 3.9 | 6 | 9.0 |
Mood and anxiety disorders | 55 | 24.3 | 24 | 29.3 | 11 | 14.3 | 20 | 29.9 |
Mood and substance use disorders | 40 | 17.7 | 17 | 20.7 | 10 | 13.0 | 13 | 19.4 |
Anxiety and substance use disorders | 31 | 13.7 | 14 | 17.1 | 9 | 11.7 | 8 | 11.9 |
All three disorders | 23 | 10.2 | 12 | 14.6 | 4 | 5.2 | 7 | 10.4 |
Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms
Presence or Absence of Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Entire cohort | 1993–2000 | 2001–2003 | 2004–2006 | |||||||||||||
Present (N=64) | Absent (N=132) | Present (N=20) | Absent (N=50) | Present (N=18) | Absent (N=46) | Present (N=26) | Absent (N=36) | |||||||||
Nonpsychotic Disorder | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Mood disorder | 42 | 65.6 | 57 | 43.2 | 13 | 65.0 | 24 | 48.0 | 8 | 44.4 | 19 | 41.3 | 21 | 80.8 | 14 | 38.9 |
Anxiety disorder | 31 | 48.4 | 46 | 34.8 | 12 | 60.0 | 18 | 36.0 | 6 | 33.3 | 17 | 37.0 | 13 | 50.0 | 11 | 30.6 |
Substance use disorder | 27 | 42.2 | 39 | 29.5 | 8 | 40.0 | 19 | 38.0 | 9 | 50.0 | 12 | 26.1 | 10 | 38.5 | 8 | 22.2 |
Any nonpsychotic disorder | 54 | 84.4 | 88 | 66.6 | 16 | 80.0 | 36 | 72.0 | 14 | 77.7 | 32 | 69.6 | 24 | 92.3 | 20 | 55.5 |
Course of Nonpsychotic Disorders
Entire Cohort (N=203)a | 1993–2000 Subsample (N=61)a | 2001–2003 Subsample (N=77) | 2004–2006 Subsample (N=65) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Status of Nonpsychotic Disorder | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Present at baseline | ||||||||
Any disorder | 173 | 90.1 | 47 | 94.0 | 73 | 94.8 | 53 | 81.5 |
Any mood disorder | 145 | 71.4 | 33 | 54.1 | 61 | 79.2 | 51 | 78.5 |
Any anxiety disorder | 81 | 39.9 | 21 | 34.4 | 34 | 44.2 | 26 | 40.0 |
Any substance use disorder | 42 | 21.9 | 17 | 34.0 | 21 | 27.3 | 4 | 6.1 |
Remitted | ||||||||
Any disorder | 50 | 26.0 | 12 | 24.0 | 22 | 28.6 | 16 | 24.6 |
Any mood disorder | 67 | 33.0 | 13 | 21.3 | 31 | 40.3 | 23 | 35.4 |
Any anxiety disorder | 48 | 23.6 | 13 | 21.3 | 22 | 28.6 | 13 | 20.0 |
Any substance use disorder | 20 | 10.4 | 7 | 14.0 | 12 | 15.6 | 1 | 1.5 |
Incident | ||||||||
Any disorder | 72 | 37.5 | 24 | 48.0 | 24 | 31.2 | 24 | 36.9 |
Any mood disorder | 19 | 9.3 | 9 | 14.8 | 4 | 5.2 | 6 | 9.2 |
Any anxiety disorder | 36 | 17.7 | 13 | 21.3 | 11 | 14.3 | 12 | 18.5 |
Any substance use disorder | 33 | 17.2 | 7 | 14.0 | 12 | 15.6 | 14 | 21.5 |
Persistent or recurrent | ||||||||
Any disorder | 99 | 51.6 | 29 | 58.0 | 40 | 51.9 | 30 | 46.1 |
Any mood disorder | 78 | 38.4 | 20 | 32.8 | 30 | 39.0 | 28 | 43.1 |
Any anxiety disorder | 33 | 16.2 | 8 | 13.1 | 12 | 15.6 | 13 | 20.0 |
Any substance use disorder | 22 | 11.5 | 10 | 20.0 | 9 | 11.7 | 3 | 4.6 |
Never present | ||||||||
Any disorder | 14 | 7.3 | 5 | 10.0 | 3 | 3.9 | 6 | 9.2 |
Any mood disorder | 39 | 19.2 | 19 | 31.1 | 12 | 15.6 | 8 | 12.3 |
Any anxiety disorder | 86 | 42.3 | 27 | 44.3 | 32 | 41.6 | 27 | 41.5 |
Any substance use disorder | 117 | 60.9 | 26 | 52.0 | 44 | 57.1 | 47 | 72.3 |
Predictors of Incident Disorder and Remission
Discussion
Persistent Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms
Nonpsychotic Disorders
Footnote
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