Full access
New Research
Published Online: 31 October 2014
Neural and Cognitive Correlates of the Common and Specific Variance Across Externalizing Problems in Young Adolescence
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan, Ph.D., Maren Struve, Ph.D., Robert Whelan, Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., Gareth J. Barker, Ph.D., Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D., Uli Bromberg, Dipl.Psych., … Show All … , Christian Büchel, M.D., Herta Flor, Ph.D., Mira Fauth-Bühler, Ph.D., Vincent Frouin, Ph.D., Juergen Gallinat, M.D., Penny Gowland, Ph.D., Andreas Heinz, Ph.D., Claire Lawrence, Ph.D., Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D., Frauke Nees, Ph.D., Tomas Paus, M.D., Ph.D., Zdenka Pausova, M.D., Marcella Rietschel, M.D., Trevor W. Robbins, Ph.D., Michael N. Smolka, M.D., Gunter Schumann, M.D., Ph.D., Hugh Garavan, Ph.D., and Patricia J. Conrod, Ph.D. The IMAGEN Consortium Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
The authors sought to model the unique and common variance across conduct disorder, substance misuse, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to investigate the neurocognitive factors that relate generally or uniquely to externalizing problems in adolescence.
Method:
Personality and behavioral measures and functional imaging responses to reward sensitivity and response inhibition tasks were assessed in 1,778 European adolescents at age 14 and, using structural equation modeling, were related to the unique and common variance across externalizing problems assessed and modeled at ages 14 and 16.
Results:
Externalizing problems best fit a general-specific model made up of a specific factor representing ADHD and conduct disorder symptoms, a specific factor representing substance misuse symptoms, and a common externalizing factor representing the variance shared among all symptoms. Common variance across externalizing problems was associated with high impulsivity and delay discounting as well as low blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response in the substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus but high BOLD response in the presupplementary motor area and precentral gyrus during successful inhibition. Unique variance for ADHD/conduct disorder was associated with impulsivity, poor response inhibition, and high delay discounting, as well as low BOLD response in frontal brain areas bilaterally during failed inhibition. In contrast, unique variance for substance misuse was associated with high sensation seeking and delay discounting, as well as differential brain response to reward anticipation: high BOLD response in the left orbitofrontal cortex but low BOLD response in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
Conclusions:
Personality, behavioral, and fMRI findings suggest that abnormalities in response inhibition, error processing, and reward processing are differentially implicated in underlying vulnerability specific to ADHD/conduct disorder and substance misuse and general to externalizing problems.
Formats available
You can view the full content in the following formats:
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: 14 November 2013
Revision received: 3 March 2014
Revision received: 22 May 2014
Accepted: 2 June 2014
Published ahead of print: 31 October 2014
Published online: 1 December 2014
Published in print: December 01, 2014
Authors
Affiliations
Natalie Castellanos-Ryan, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Maren Struve, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Robert Whelan, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Gareth J. Barker, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Uli Bromberg, Dipl.Psych.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Christian Büchel, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Herta Flor, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Mira Fauth-Bühler, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Vincent Frouin, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Juergen Gallinat, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Penny Gowland, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Andreas Heinz, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Claire Lawrence, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Frauke Nees, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Tomas Paus, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Zdenka Pausova, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Marcella Rietschel, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Trevor W. Robbins, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Michael N. Smolka, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Gunter Schumann, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Hugh Garavan, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Patricia J. Conrod, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
The IMAGEN Consortium
From the Department of Psychiatry and the Department of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, and CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; the Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuroscience and the Department of Addictive Behaviour and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; the Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London; the Institute of Neuroscience and Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Neurospin, Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies Commission, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin; the School of Psychology and the School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, U.K.; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unit 1000, Imaging and Psychiatry, SHFJ CEA, University of Paris South, Orsay, France; AP-HP Department of Adolescent Psychopathology and Medicine, Maison de Solenn, University Paris Descartes, Paris; Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal; Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K.; the Department of Psychiatry and the Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; and MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP) Centre, London.
Notes
Address correspondence to Dr. Conrod ([email protected]).
Funding Information
Dr. Banaschewski has served as an adviser to or consultant for Eli Lilly, Hexal Pharma, Medice, Novartis, Otsuka, Oxford Outcomes, PCM Scientific, Shire, and Viforpharma and has been involved in clinical trials conducted by Eli Lilly, Shire, Viforpharma; he has received conference attendance support and conference support or received speaking fees from Eli Lilly, Medice, Novartis, and Shire. Dr. Barker has received teaching honoraria from General Electric Healthcare and has served as a consultant for IXICO. Dr. Robbins has served as a consultant for Cambridge Cognition, Chempartners, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Shire, and Teva, has received research support from Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline, and Lundbeck, has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition, and has received editorial honoraria from Elsevier and Springer-Verlag. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.Supported by the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement- Related Behaviour in Normal Brain Function and Psychopathology; LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the FP7 project IMAGEMEND (Imaging Genetics for Mental Disorders) and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), the Medical Research Council Programme Grant “Developmental Pathways Into Adolescent Substance Abuse” (93558), and the Swedish funding agency FORMAS. Further support was provided by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152 and 01EV0711), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Reinhart-Koselleck Award (SP 383/5-1), and DFG grants SM80/5-2, SM 80/7-1, SFB 940/1. This research was also supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (grant 01EV0711). Dr. Castellanos-Ryan’s and Dr. Conrod’s salaries are awarded from the Fonds de Recherche du Québec–Santé.
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Export Citations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
To download the citation to this article, select your reference manager software.
There are no citations for this item
View Options
Get Access
Login options
Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.
Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens loginPurchase Options
Purchase this article to access the full text.
PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry
Not a subscriber?
PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.
Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).