Full access
New Research
Published Online: 17 July 2015

Moderation of the Relationship Between Reward Expectancy and Prediction Error-Related Ventral Striatal Reactivity by Anhedonia in Unmedicated Major Depressive Disorder: Findings From the EMBARC Study

Tsafrir Greenberg, Ph.D., Henry W. Chase, Ph.D., Jorge R. Almeida, M.D., Ph.D., Richelle Stiffler, M.S.W., Carlos R. Zevallos, B.A., Haris A. Aslam, B.S., Thilo Deckersbach, Ph.D., Sarah Weyandt, Ph.D., Crystal Cooper, Ph.D., Marisa Toups, M.D., Thomas Carmody, Ph.D., Benji Kurian, M.D., Scott Peltier, Ph.D., Phillip Adams, Ph.D., Melvin G. McInnis, M.D., Maria A. Oquendo, M.D., Patrick J. McGrath, M.D., Maurizio Fava, M.D., Myrna Weissman, Ph.D., Ramin Parsey, M.D., Ph.D., Madhukar H. Trivedi, M.D., and Mary L. Phillips, M.D., M.D. (Cantab)Authors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 172, Number 9
https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14050594
PDF/EPUBformats

Abstract

Objective:

Anhedonia, disrupted reward processing, is a core symptom of major depressive disorder. Recent findings demonstrate altered reward-related ventral striatal reactivity in depressed individuals, but the extent to which this is specific to anhedonia remains poorly understood. The authors examined the effect of anhedonia on reward expectancy (expected outcome value) and prediction error- (discrepancy between expected and actual outcome) related ventral striatal reactivity, as well as the relationship between these measures.

Method:

A total of 148 unmedicated individuals with major depressive disorder and 31 healthy comparison individuals recruited for the multisite EMBARC (Establishing Moderators and Biosignatures of Antidepressant Response in Clinical Care) study underwent functional MRI during a well-validated reward task. Region of interest and whole-brain data were examined in the first- (N=78) and second- (N=70) recruited cohorts, as well as the total sample, of depressed individuals, and in healthy individuals.

Results:

Healthy, but not depressed, individuals showed a significant inverse relationship between reward expectancy and prediction error-related right ventral striatal reactivity. Across all participants, and in depressed individuals only, greater anhedonia severity was associated with a reduced reward expectancy-prediction error inverse relationship, even after controlling for other symptoms.

Conclusions:

The normal reward expectancy and prediction error-related ventral striatal reactivity inverse relationship concords with conditioning models, predicting a shift in ventral striatal responding from reward outcomes to reward cues. This study shows, for the first time, an absence of this relationship in two cohorts of unmedicated depressed individuals and a moderation of this relationship by anhedonia, suggesting reduced reward-contingency learning with greater anhedonia. These findings help elucidate neural mechanisms of anhedonia, as a step toward identifying potential biosignatures of treatment response.

Formats available

You can view the full content in the following formats:

View PDF/ePubView Full Text

Supplementary Material

File (appi.ajp.2015.14050594.ds001.pdf)

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Volume 172 • Number 9 • September 01, 2015
Pages: 881 - 891
PubMed: 26183698

History

Received: 7 May 2014
Revision received: 2 December 2014
Revision received: 27 January 2015
Accepted: 2 February 2015
Published online: 17 July 2015
Published in print: September 01, 2015

Authors

Affiliations

Tsafrir Greenberg, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Henry W. Chase, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Jorge R. Almeida, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Richelle Stiffler, M.S.W.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Carlos R. Zevallos, B.A.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Haris A. Aslam, B.S.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Thilo Deckersbach, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Sarah Weyandt, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Crystal Cooper, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Marisa Toups, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Thomas Carmody, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Benji Kurian, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Scott Peltier, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Phillip Adams, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Melvin G. McInnis, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Maria A. Oquendo, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Patrick J. McGrath, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Maurizio Fava, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Myrna Weissman, Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Ramin Parsey, M.D., Ph.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Madhukar H. Trivedi, M.D.
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author
Mary L. Phillips, M.D., M.D. (Cantab)
From the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh; the Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; the Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science and Radiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, N.Y.
View all articles by this author

Notes

Address correspondence to Dr. Greenberg ([email protected]).

Author Contributions

Drs. Greenberg and Chase contributed equally to this study.

Competing Interests

Dr. Almeida has received support from the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Pilot Research Award for General Psychiatry Residents, supported by Pfizer. Dr. Deckersbach has received research funding from the Depressive and Bipolar Disorder Alternative Treatment study, the International OCD Foundation, NARSAD, NIMH, TSA, and Tufts University; he has received honoraria, consultation fees, and/or royalties from Boston University, BrainCells, Catalan Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Research, Clintara, LLC, the Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy, the Massachusetts Medical Society, the National Association of Social Workers-Massachusetts, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIMH, Oxford University Press, Systems Research and Applications Corporation, and Tufts University; and he has participated in research funded by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Cyberonics, Forest Research Institute, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic, NIA, NIH, Northstar, Shire Development, and Takeda. Dr. Toups has received travel funds from Janssen Research and Development and currently receives compensation for serving on a data safety and monitoring board for Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Kurian has received research funding/grants from Evotec, Forest Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson, Naurex, NIMH, Pfizer, Rexahn, and Targacept. Dr. Phillips has received funding from NIMH and the Emmerling-Pittsburgh Foundation. Dr. Oquendo receives royalties for the use of the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and has received financial compensation from Pfizer for the safety evaluation of a clinical facility, unrelated to the current study; she was the recipient of a grant from Eli Lilly to support a year’s salary for the Lilly Suicide Scholar, Enrique Baca-Garcia, M.D., Ph.D.; she has received unrestricted educational grants and/or lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Otsuka, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, and Shire; and her family owns stock in Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. McGrath has received research grant support from Forest, Naurex, and Sunovion. Dr. Fava has received research support from Abbot Laboratories, Alkermes, American Cyanamid, Aspect Medical Systems, AstraZeneca, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, BioResearch, BrainCells, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CeNeRx BioPharma, Cephalon, Clintara, LLC, Covance, Covidien, Eli Lilly, EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, Euthymics Bioscience, Forest Pharmaceuticals, Ganeden Biotech, GlaxoSmithKline, Harvard Clinical Research Institute, Hoffman-LaRoche, Icon Clinical Research, i3 Innovus/Ingenix, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Jed Foundation, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Lichtwer Pharma GmbH, Lorex Pharmaceuticals, Lundbec, MedAvante, Methylation Sciences, NARSAD, the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, the National Institute of Drug Abuse, NIMH, Neuralstem, Novartis AG, Organon Pharmaceuticals, Pamlab, LLC, Pfizer, Pharmacia-Upjohn, Pharmaceutical Research Associates, Pharmavite, LLC, PharmoRx Therapeutics, Photothera, Reckitt Benckiser, Roche Pharmaceuticals, RCT Logic, LLC (formerly Clinical Trials Solutions, LLC), Sanofi-Aventis US LLC, Shire, Solvay Pharmaceuticals Stanley Medical Research Institute, Synthelabo, and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories; he has received advisory/consulting fees from Abbott Laboratories, Affectis Pharmaceuticals AG, Alkermes, Amarin Pharma, Aspect Medical Systems, AstraZeneca, Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Best Practice Project Management, BioMarin Pharmaceuticals, Biovail Corporation, BrainCells, Bristol-Myers Squibb, CeNeRx BioPharma, Cephalon, Cerecor, CNS Response, Compellis Pharmaceuticals, Cypress Pharmaceutical, DiagnoSearch Life Sciences (P) Ltd., Dinippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Dov Pharmaceuticals, Edgemont Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EnVivo Pharmaceuticals, ePharmaSolutions, EPIX Pharmaceuticals, Euthymics Bioscience, Fabre-Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GenOmind, LLC, GlaxoSmithKline, Grunenthal GmbH, i3 Innovus/Ingenis, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, Knoll Pharmaceuticals Corp., Labopharm, Lorex Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, MedAvante, Merck, MSI Methylation Sciences, Naurex, Neuralstem, Neuronetics, NextWave Pharmaceuticals, Novartis AG, Nutrition 21, Orexigen Therapeutics, Organon Pharmaceuticals, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pamlab, LLC, Pfizer, PharmaStar, Pharmavite LLC, PharmoRx Therapeutics, Precision Human Biolaboratory, Prexa Pharmaceuticals, Puretech Ventures, PsychoGenics, Psylin Neurosciences, RCT Logic, LLC ( formerly Clinical Trials Solutions, LLC), Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Ridge Diagnostics, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis US LLC, Sepracor, Servier Laboratories, Schering-Plough Corporation, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Somaxon Pharmaceuticals, Somerset Pharmaceuticals, Sunovion Pharmaceuticals, Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Synthelabo, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Tal Medical, Tetragenex Pharmaceuticals, TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Transcept Pharmaceuticals, and Vanda Pharmaceuticals; he has received speaking/publishing fees from Adamed, Advanced Meeting Partners, American Psychiatric Association, American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology, AstraZeneca, Belvoir Media Group, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, CME Institute/Physicians Postgraduate Press, Eli Lilly, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Imedex, Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy/Primedia, Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry Academy/Reed Elsevier, Novartis AG, Organon Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, PharmaStar, United BioSource, and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories; he is a shareholder with Compellis and PsyBrain; and he has received patents/other income/royalties from the following: patent for Sequential Parallel Comparison Design (licensed by Massachusetts General Hospital Psychiatry to Pharmaceutical Product Development, LLC) and patent application for a combination of ketamine plus scopolamine in major depressive disorder, Copyright for the Massachusetts General Hospital Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire, Sexual Functioning Inventory, Antidepressant Treatment Response Questionnaire, Discontinuation-Emergent Signs and Symptoms, and SAFER, royalties from Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer, and World Scientific Publishing. Dr. Weissman has received funding from the Interstitial Cystitis Association, NARSAD, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIMH, the Sackler Foundation, and the Templeton Foundation; and she receives royalties from American Psychiatric Publishing, MultiHealth Systems, Oxford University Press, and Perseus Press. Dr. Trivedi is or has served as an advisor/consultant and has received fees from Abbott Laboratories, Abdi Ibrahim, Akzo (Organon Pharmaceuticals), Alkermes, AstraZeneca, Axon Advisors, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cephalon, Cerecor, CME Institute of Physicians, Concert Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Evotec, Fabre Kramer Pharmaceuticals, Forest Pharmaceuticals, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Global Services, LLC, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products, LP, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Libby, Lundbeck, Meade Johnson, MedAvante, Medtronic, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Development America, Naurex, Neuronetics, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Pamlab, Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, PgxHealth, Phoenix Marketing Solutions, Rexahn Pharmaceuticals, Ridge Diagnostics, Roche Products Ltd., Sepracor, SHIRE Development, Sierra, SK Life and Science, Sunovion, Takeda, Tal Medical/Puretech Venture, Targacept, Transcept, VantagePoint, Vivus, and Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories; and he has received grant/research support from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Corcept Therapeutics, Cyberonics, Merck, NARSAD, NIMH, and the National Institute on Drug Abuse. All other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

Supported by NIMH/NIH under awards U01MH092221 (to Dr. Trivedi) and U01MH092250 (to Drs. McGrath, Parsey, and Weissman), as well as by the EMBARC National Coordinating Center at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and the Data Center at Columbia University and Stony Brook University. Valeant Pharmaceuticals donated the bupropion hydrochloride extended-release used in this study.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard
Tips for downloading citations

There are no citations for this item

View Options

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub

Full Text

View Full Text

Get Access

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Item saved, go to cart
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry

PPV Articles - American Journal of Psychiatry

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share