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Published Online: 23 November 2022
The Link Between Autism and Sex-Related Neuroanatomy, and Associated Cognition and Gene Expression
Dorothea L. Floris, Ph.D. [email protected], Han Peng, Ph.D. [email protected], Varun Warrier, Ph.D., Michael V. Lombardo, Ph.D., Charlotte M. Pretzsch, Ph.D., Clara Moreau, Ph.D., Alex Tsompanidis, M.D., Ph.D., … Show All … , Weikang Gong, Ph.D., Maarten Mennes, Ph.D., Alberto Llera, Ph.D., Daan van Rooij, Ph.D., Marianne Oldehinkel, Ph.D., Natalie J. Forde, Ph.D., Tony Charman, Ph.D., Julian Tillmann, Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D., Carolin Moessnang, Ph.D., Sarah Durston, Ph.D., Rosemary J. Holt, Ph.D., Christine Ecker, Ph.D., Flavio Dell’Acqua, Ph.D., Eva Loth, Ph.D., Thomas Bourgeron, Ph.D., Declan G.M. Murphy, M.D., Andre F. Marquand, Ph.D., Meng-Chuan Lai, M.D., Ph.D., Jan K. Buitelaar, M.D., Ph.D., Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D., Christian F. Beckmann, Ph.D., and the APEX Group the EU-AIMS LEAP Group Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
The male preponderance in prevalence of autism is among the most pronounced sex ratios across neurodevelopmental conditions. The authors sought to elucidate the relationship between autism and typical sex-differential neuroanatomy, cognition, and related gene expression.
Methods:
Using a novel deep learning framework trained to predict biological sex based on T1-weighted structural brain images, the authors compared sex prediction model performance across neurotypical and autistic males and females. Multiple large-scale data sets comprising T1-weighted MRI data were employed at four stages of the analysis pipeline: 1) pretraining, with the UK Biobank sample (>10,000 individuals); 2) transfer learning and validation, with the ABIDE data sets (1,412 individuals, 5–56 years of age); 3) test and discovery, with the EU-AIMS/AIMS-2-TRIALS LEAP data set (681 individuals, 6–30 years of age); and 4) specificity, with the NeuroIMAGE and ADHD200 data sets (887 individuals, 7–26 years of age).
Results:
Across both ABIDE and LEAP, features positively predictive of neurotypical males were on average significantly more predictive of autistic males (ABIDE: Cohen’s d=0.48; LEAP: Cohen’s d=1.34). Features positively predictive of neurotypical females were on average significantly less predictive of autistic females (ABIDE: Cohen’s d=1.25; LEAP: Cohen’s d=1.29). These differences in sex prediction accuracy in autism were not observed in individuals with ADHD. In autistic females, the male-shifted neurophenotype was further associated with poorer social sensitivity and emotional face processing while also associated with gene expression patterns of midgestational cell types.
Conclusions:
The results demonstrate an increased resemblance in both autistic male and female individuals’ neuroanatomy with male-characteristic patterns associated with typically sex-differential social cognitive features and related gene expression patterns. The findings hold promise for future research aimed at refining the quest for biological mechanisms underpinning the etiology of autism.
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History
Received: 1 March 2022
Revision received: 25 May 2022
Revision received: 30 June 2022
Accepted: 5 July 2022
Published online: 23 November 2022
Published in print: January 01, 2023
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Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Varun Warrier, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Michael V. Lombardo, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Charlotte M. Pretzsch, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Clara Moreau, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Alex Tsompanidis, M.D., Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Weikang Gong, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Maarten Mennes, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Alberto Llera, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Daan van Rooij, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Marianne Oldehinkel, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Natalie J. Forde, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Tony Charman, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Julian Tillmann, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Carolin Moessnang, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Sarah Durston, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Rosemary J. Holt, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Christine Ecker, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Flavio Dell’Acqua, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Eva Loth, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Thomas Bourgeron, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Declan G.M. Murphy, M.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Andre F. Marquand, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Meng-Chuan Lai, M.D., Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Jan K. Buitelaar, M.D., Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Christian F. Beckmann, Ph.D.
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
the APEX Group
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
the EU-AIMS LEAP Group
Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen, and Department for Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Floris, Mennes, Llera, van Rooij, Oldehinkel, Forde, Marquand, Buitelaar, Beckmann); Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (Peng, Gong, Beckmann), and Visual Geometry Group (Peng), University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K.; Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Warrier, Tsompanidis, Holt, Lai, Baron-Cohen); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems @UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo); Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences (Pretzsch, Ecker, Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), Department of Psychology (Charman), Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment (Dell’Acqua, Loth, Murphy), and Department of Neuroimaging (Marquand), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unity, IUF, Université Paris Cité, Paris (Moreau, Bourgeron); Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Neuroscience and Rare Diseases, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (Tillmann); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Banaschewski) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (Moessnang), Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Applied Psychology, SRH University, Heidelberg, Germany (Moessnang); Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Durston); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Ecker); Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth, and Family Mental Health and Azrieli Adult Neurodevelopmental Centre, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry and Autism Research Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto (Lai); Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei (Lai); Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar).
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Floris ([email protected]) and Dr. Peng ([email protected]).
Presented at the annual conference of the International Society for Autism Research, online, May 5–8, 2021; and at the annual meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, online, June 23–July 3, 2020.
Author Contributions
Drs. Floris and Peng contributed equally to this work.
Competing Interests
Prof. Charman has served as a consultant for Hoffman–La Roche and Servier and has received book royalties from Guilford Press and Sage Publications. Dr. Tillmann is a full-time employee of Hoffmann–La Roche. Prof. Banaschewski has served as an adviser or consultant for ADHS Digital, Eye Level, InfectoPharm, Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Roche, and Takeda; he has received conference support or speaking fees from Janssen, Medice, and Takeda; and he has received royalties from CIP-Medien, Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Oxford University Press. Prof. Murphy has served as a consultant and/or advisory board member for Jaguar Therapeutics, Roche, and Servier, and he has received grant funding from COMPASS. Dr. Lai has received editorial honoraria from Sage Publications. Dr. Buitelaar has served a consultant, advisory board member, and/or speaker for Medice, Roche, Servier, and Takeda/Shire. Prof. Beckmann is director of and a shareholder in SBGneuro. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
Funding Information
This project has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement 115300 (for EU-AIMS) and 777394 (for AIMS-2-TRIALS). This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme and EFPIA and AUTISM SPEAKS, Autistica, SFARI. This work was also supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research through Vidi grants (grant 864.12.003 [to DR. Beckmann] and grant 016.156.415 [to Dr. Marquand]); from the FP7 (grants 602805 [AGGRESSOTYPE] [to Dr. Buitelaar], 603016 [MATRICS], and 278948 [TACTICS]); and from the European Community’s Horizon 2020 Programme (H2020/2014-2020) (grants 847818 [CANDY] and 642996 [BRAINVIEW]). This work received funding from the Wellcome Trust UK Strategic Award (award no. 098369/Z/12/Z) and from the National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre (to Dr. Murphy). Dr. Floris is supported by funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101025785. Dr. Lai is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Sex and Gender Science Chair (GSB 171373), an Academic Scholars Award from the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Foundation. Dr. Lombardo is supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 755816 (ERC Starting Grant, AUTISMS). Dr. Baron-Cohen, Dr. Warrier, and Mr. Tsompanidis were funded by the Autism Centre for Excellence at Cambridge, the Wellcome Trust, the Templeton World Charitable Foundation, SFARI, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Cambridge during the period of this work. Any views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the funders.
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