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Published Online: 25 March 2022
Neurobiological Correlates of Change in Adaptive Behavior in Autism
Charlotte M. Pretzsch, Ph.D. [email protected], Tim Schäfer, Ph.D., Michael V. Lombardo, Ph.D., Varun Warrier, Ph.D., Caroline Mann, Ph.D., Anke Bletsch, Ph.D., Chris H. Chatham, Ph.D., … Show All … , Dorothea L. Floris, Ph.D., Julian Tillmann, Ph.D., Afsheen Yousaf, Ph.D., Emily Jones, Ph.D., Tony Charman, Ph.D., Sara Ambrosino, Ph.D., Thomas Bourgeron, Ph.D., Guillaume Dumas, Ph.D., Eva Loth, Ph.D., Bethany Oakley, Ph.D., Jan K. Buitelaar, M.D., Ph.D., Freddy Cliquet, Ph.D., Claire S. Leblond, Ph.D., Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D., Christian F. Beckmann, Ph.D., Tobias Banaschewski, Ph.D., Sarah Durston, Ph.D., Christine M. Freitag, M.D., Ph.D., the EU-AIMS LEAP Group, Declan G.M. Murphy, M.D., Ph.D., and Christine Ecker, Ph.D. Show FewerAuthors Info & Affiliations
Publication: American Journal of Psychiatry
Abstract
Objective:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with significant difficulties in adaptive behavior and variation in clinical outcomes across the life span. Some individuals with ASD improve, whereas others may not change significantly, or regress. Hence, the development of “personalized medicine” approaches is essential. However, this requires an understanding of the biological processes underpinning differences in clinical outcome, at both the individual and subgroup levels, across the lifespan.
Methods:
The authors conducted a longitudinal follow-up study of 483 individuals (204 with ASD and 279 neurotypical individuals, ages 6–30 years), with assessment time points separated by ∼12–24 months. Data collected included behavioral data (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale–II), neuroanatomical data (structural MRI), and genetic data (DNA). Individuals with ASD were grouped into clinically meaningful “increasers,” “no-changers,” and “decreasers” in adaptive behavior. First, the authors compared neuroanatomy between outcome groups. Next, they examined whether deviations from the neurotypical neuroanatomical profile were associated with outcome at the individual level. Finally, they explored the observed neuroanatomical differences’ potential genetic underpinnings.
Results:
Outcome groups differed in neuroanatomical features (cortical volume and thickness, surface area), including in “social brain” regions previously implicated in ASD. Also, deviations of neuroanatomical features from the neurotypical profile predicted outcome at the individual level. Moreover, neuroanatomical differences were associated with genetic processes relevant to neuroanatomical phenotypes (e.g., synaptic development).
Conclusions:
This study demonstrates, for the first time, that variation in clinical (adaptive) outcome is associated with both group- and individual-level variation in anatomy of brain regions enriched for genes relevant to ASD. This may facilitate the move toward better targeted/precision medicine approaches.
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History
Received: 14 July 2021
Revision received: 9 October 2021
Revision received: 1 December 2021
Accepted: 20 December 2021
Published online: 25 March 2022
Published in print: May 2022
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Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Tim Schäfer, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Michael V. Lombardo, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Varun Warrier, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Caroline Mann, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Anke Bletsch, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Chris H. Chatham, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Dorothea L. Floris, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Julian Tillmann, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Afsheen Yousaf, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Emily Jones, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Tony Charman, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Sara Ambrosino, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Thomas Bourgeron, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Guillaume Dumas, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Eva Loth, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Bethany Oakley, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Jan K. Buitelaar, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Freddy Cliquet, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Claire S. Leblond, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Simon Baron-Cohen, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Christian F. Beckmann, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Tobias Banaschewski, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Sarah Durston, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Christine M. Freitag, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
the EU-AIMS LEAP Group
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Declan G.M. Murphy, M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Christine Ecker, Ph.D.
Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Pretzsch, Loth, Oakley, Murphy, Ecker); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (Schäfer, Mann, Bletsch, Yousaf, Freitag, Ecker); Laboratory for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, University of Trento, and Italian Institute of Technology, Rovereto, Italy (Lombardo, Warrier); Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K. (Lombardo, Baron-Cohen); F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Chatham); Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich (Floris); Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands (Buitelaar, Beckmann); Clinical Child Psychology, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London (Tillmann, Charman); Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement, and Intervention, University of Vienna, Vienna (Tillmann); Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, University of London (Jones); Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Ambrosino, Durston); Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris (Bourgeron, Dumas, Cliquet, Leblond); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Banaschewski).
Notes
Send correspondence to Dr. Pretzsch ([email protected]).
Author Contributions
Drs. Murphy and Ecker contributed equally to this study.
Funding Information
Supported by EU-AIMS and EU AIMS-2-TRIALS, which both received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115300 and the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 777394, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant FP7/2007–2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions, and from Autism Speaks, Autistica, and the Simons Foundation for Autism Research Initiative. This work was further supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 program CANDY (grant agreement no. 847818). Dr. Floris is supported by funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 101025785. Dr. Murphy also acknowledges support from the NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Center.Dr. Chatham is an employee of F. Hoffmann–La Roche. Dr. Tillmann is an employee of and has served as a consultant for F. Hoffmann–La Roche. Dr. Charman has served as a consultant for F. Hoffmann–La Roche and Servier and has received royalties from Sage Publications and Guilford Publications. Dr. Buitelaar has served as a consultant for, advisory board member of, and/or speaker for Takeda/Shire, Roche, Medice, Angelini, Janssen, and Servier. Dr. Beckmann is cofounder of SBGneuro Ltd. Dr. Banaschewski has served as an adviser or consultant for ADHS digital, Infectopharm, Lundbeck, Medice, Neurim Pharmaceuticals, Oberberg GmbH, Roche, Shire, and Takeda; he has received conference support or speaking fees from Eli Lilly, Medice, and Shire; he has received royalties from CIP Medien, Hogrefe, Kohlhammer, and Oxford University Press. Dr. Freitag has served as a consultant for Servier and has received royalties for books on various psychiatric disorders; her research is supported by the European Union and the German Research Association (DFG). Dr. Murphy has served as a consultant for F. Hoffmann–La Roche and Servier and as an advisory board member for Jaguar JAG 201 and Servier. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.
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