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Abstract

Objective:

White matter microstructure alterations have recently been associated with depressive episodes during adolescence, but it is unknown whether they predate depression. The authors investigated whether subthreshold depression in adolescence is associated with white matter microstructure variations and whether they relate to depression outcome.

Method:

Adolescents with subthreshold depression (N=96) and healthy control subjects (N=336) drawn from a community-based cohort were compared using diffusion tensor imaging and whole brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) at age 14 to assess white matter microstructure. They were followed up at age 16 to assess depression. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct white matter streamlines spreading from the regions identified in the TBSS analysis and along bundles implicated in emotion regulation, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum. The authors searched for mediating effects of white matter microstructure on the relationship between baseline subthreshold depression and depression at follow-up, and then explored the specificity of the findings.

Results:

Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity were found in the anterior corpus callosum in the adolescents with subthreshold depression. Tractography analysis showed that they also had lower FA in the right cingulum streamlines, along with lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in tracts connecting the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex. The relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at follow-up was mediated by FA values in the latter tracts, and lower FA values in those tracts distinctively predicted higher individual risk for depression.

Conclusions:

Early FA variations in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex may denote a higher risk of transition to depression in adolescents.
First episodes of major depression have been associated with changes in white matter diffusion tensor imaging–derived indices in adolescents, mainly in the corpus callosum, the cingulum, and the uncinate bundles (15). Evidence for white matter tract alterations in the frontal-thalamic-striatal circuit and in the default mode network nodes has also been found (6). Although the involvement of white matter alterations in depressive episodes is recognized, it is still unclear whether the alterations predate the onset of the disease, indicating vulnerability, or whether they indicate ongoing pathology. Studies in individuals at familial risk for depression have addressed this issue and found that white matter microstructure alterations may indicate genetic risk for affective disorders (7).
Subthreshold depression in adolescence is another at-risk condition for depressive disorders, with an estimated risk of 67% for escalation to depression (8). It has been defined as an episode of clinically relevant depressive symptoms that do not meet enough criteria for a diagnosis of a major depressive episode, either in number of symptoms, duration, or impact on functioning (9). In adolescence, subthreshold depression has a high lifetime prevalence, ranging between 20% and 30% (9, 10).
We recently reported (11) that adolescents with subthreshold depression had lower white matter volumes in the internal capsule, a region involved in frontal striatal networks, and in the forceps minor and the cingulum, which are part of the default mode network. Also, they had lower gray matter volumes in the medial prefrontal cortex and the striatum, and they exhibited functional striatal deficits when anticipating reward (12).
In the present study, we hypothesized that adolescents with subthreshold depression would also have white matter microstructure differences within the frontal striatal-limbic and default mode networks, both of which are implicated in depression. To investigate white matter microstructure, we used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to search for regional differences in indices derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) within white matter tracts. We then performed probabilistic diffusion tractography to explore cortical projections from the regions identified in the TBSS approach (13) and to assess tractography-derived measures within the cingulum and the uncinate fasciculus, two bundles reported to be altered in adolescent depression (2, 3). Finally, we investigated whether the observed differences in DTI-derived indices would mediate the relationship between subthreshold depression at age 14 and the occurrence of depression at age 16.

Method

Participants

The study was approved by the ethics committees of all participating institutions. All adolescents and their parents provided written informed assent and consent, respectively, after receiving a complete description of the study.
Neuroimaging and clinical data were obtained from a large sample of community adolescents recruited around age 14 in middle schools from eight sites in four European countries (www.imagen-europe.com). A detailed description of recruitment and assessment procedures, with exclusion and inclusion criteria, has been published elsewhere (14). Presence of any obvious psychopathology at baseline (e.g., bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major neurodevelopmental disorders) was an exclusion criterion.

Baseline Assessment

Psychiatric symptoms were assessed with the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA), a self-administered diagnostic questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions (15). The DAWBA provides computer-generated probabilities of having DSM-IV diagnoses (the DAWBA bands), and definitive diagnoses are generated by clinical raters. The open comments from participants and their families provided in the DAWBA were taken into account to assess potential past history.
The assessment battery was self-administered both in participants’ homes and at the neuroimaging facilities using the Psytools software program (Delosis, Middlesex, U.K.), via its web-based platform (14). Data on substance use were obtained with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (16) and the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs (www.espad.org). Other assessments included personality dimensions, based on the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (17) and the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (18); handedness; pubertal status, based on the Pubertal Development Scale questionnaire (19); parental psychiatric history (14; see also the online supplement); and life events, using the Life Events Questionnaire (20). Participants with any psychiatric diagnosis, any lifetime history of drug use, or any symptoms of alcohol abuse or dependence (an AUDIT score >4) were excluded from the present analysis, as these disorders have neural correlates that would have biased our neuroimaging investigation. None of the participants or their parents reported having received prescriptions for antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, or hypnotics.
Adolescents were included in the subthreshold depression group if, in the past 4 weeks, they had experienced at least three depressive symptoms, including at least one core symptom (abnormally depressed, irritable mood, or loss of interest) and two or more other DSM-IV depressive symptoms, without fulfilling criteria for a major depressive episode in terms of duration, symptom number, or significant impact on functioning (11, 12). The control group, which was matched on sex with the subthreshold depression group, included adolescents who had fewer than three symptoms of depression and a probability of less than 0.1% for having a diagnosis of major depression according to the DAWBA. Participants with fewer than three symptoms constitute the standard in the IMAGEN community-based sample of adolescents, with a prevalence of 85% (11).
At baseline, 2,223 IMAGEN adolescents completed the DAWBA (see Figure S1 in the online supplement). Of these, 37 (1.7%) had depression and 301 (13.5%) had subthreshold depression. After exclusion criteria were applied, the sample for the present study included 96 adolescents with subthreshold depression and 336 healthy control subjects.
Data from 81% of the subthreshold depression group and 73% of the control group were included in our previous report on regional brain volumes (11).

Follow-Up Assessment

Two years after baseline, at age 16, participants were followed up using the same web-based questionnaires, but they did not undergo neuroimaging. The presence of a depression diagnosis was assessed using the DAWBA. Among the 1,717 IMAGEN participants who completed the DAWBA, 42 (2.45%) had depression and 214 (12.46%) had subthreshold depression.
The follow-up assessment included 84.4% (N=81) of the initial subthreshold depression group and 84.5% (N=284) of the initial control group (χ2=0.00, df=1, 432, p=1) (Table 1). Participants who were lost to follow-up were more likely to be non-Caucasian than those who were followed up (see the Method section in the online supplement).
TABLE 1. Clinical Characteristics in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression Compared With Control Subjects at Baseline and Follow-Up
 BaselineFollow-Up
CharacteristicSubthreshold Depression Group (N=96)Control Group (N=336)TestaSubthreshold Depression Group (N=81)Control Group (N=284)Testa
 MeanSDMeanSDFpMeanSDMeanSDFp
Age (years)14.470.3814.410.402.260.1316.470.4916.430.520.420.52
Pubertal Development Scale (0–5)3.030.522.950.540.900.343.450.403.410.400.340.56
 N%N%χ2pN%N%χ2p
Female6264.5821764.580.0015264.2018264.080.001
Right-handed8083.3329888.691.500.226782.7225389.081.810.18
Parental history of depression88.33247.140.030.8667.41196.690.000.98
Any parental psychiatric history1515.634613.690.120.731213.383814.810.020.88
Non-Caucasian ethnicity2121.88278.0413.11<0.0011316.05685.288.850.003
Adverse childhood experienceb1212.50308.930.770.3844.94289.861.340.25
Familial financial difficulties3637.508224.405.810.022935.807325.702.710.10
Subthreshold depression at age 16      2227.162910.2113.69<0.001
Depression at age 16      89.8872.467.010.008
Self-harm since age 14      2429.63248.5122.65<0.001
Anxiety disorder at age 16c      11.2351.76 1
Externalizing disorder at age 16d      11.2310.35 0.40
Psychosis at age 16      0000  
Mania at age 16      0010.35 1
Monthly cannabis use at age 16      67.41186.330.010.93
Alcohol abuse at age 16e      1523.812612.384.100.04
 MeanSDMeanSDUpMeanSDMeanSDUp
NEO Five-Factor Inventory            
 Neuroticism29.117.4620.976.766,802<0.00127.166.4220.677.285,483<0.001
 Extraversion27.836.6830.755.3019,924<0.00127.586.3330.265.5913,961<0.001
 Openness26.476.5526.305.5716,0700.9628.216.4727.466.0310,6100.47
 Agreeableness26.445.6730.915.0723,380<0.00127.315.1131.035.5515,633<0.001
 Conscientiousness26.577.3529.196.4519,5720.00126.737.6229.656.7913,6350.003
Substance Use Risk Profile Scale            
 Hopelessness14.893.9312.422.5410,079<0.00114.183.9812.443.068,174<0.001
 Anxiety-sensitivity11.862.4311.052.2413,3200.00911.352.5310.952.389,9200.14
 Impulsivity13.042.3711.422.019,924<0.00112.032.0610.952.117,815<0.001
 Sensation seeking16.213.0315.583.1314,3620.1013.832.6113.802.8011,3060.82
Life Events Questionnaire score (−78 to +78)–1.904.75–0.234.4419,3190.0030.615.452.114.3312,5260.045
a
For F tests, degrees of freedom are 1, 422 and 1, 355 for age at baseline and follow-up, respectively, and 1, 421 and 1, 354 for Pubertal Development Scale score at baseline and follow-up, respectively. For chi-square tests, degrees of freedom are 1, 432 and 1, 365 at baseline and follow-up, respectively. U is the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon U value.
b
In the baseline data, this refers to at least one lifetime adverse experience, and in the follow-up data, to an adverse experience since baseline.
c
Anxiety disorders include social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
d
Externalizing disorders include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, and conduct disorder.
e
Defined as an AUDIT score ≥7.

Diffusion MRI Acquisition and Preprocessing

Diffusion images were acquired on 3-T scanners using an echo planar imaging sequence adapted to tensor measurements and tractography analysis (see the online supplement).
Diffusion data preprocessing was performed using the FMRIB Software Library (FSL) (www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl) (21) to obtain tensor-based parameters such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) (see the online supplement).

Tract-Based Spatial Statistic

Voxel-wise statistical analysis of the FA data was carried out using the TBSS procedure in FSL (22). All participants’ FA data were aligned into a common space using the nonlinear registration tool FNIRT (23, 24). Next, the mean FA image was created and thinned to create a mean FA skeleton, which represents the centers of all tracts common to the group. This skeleton was then thresholded to FA>0.2 to keep only the main tracts. Each adolescent’s aligned FA, MD, AD, and RD data were then projected onto the skeleton, and the resulting data were fed into voxel-wise cross-individual statistics. All DTI images, for both the control and subthreshold depression adolescents, underwent a quality control procedure in order to discard images with excessive head movement, poor tensor computation, and defective spatial normalization (see Figure S1 in the online supplement).

Probabilistic Diffusion Tractography

The result from the between-group comparison of FA was used to create a seed region to perform probabilistic diffusion tractography. The warp fields of nonlinear registration and their inverses were used for the translation between the original space and the Montreal Neurological Institute–152 standard space. Briefly, diffusion data were used to estimate a probability distribution function of fiber direction allowing the modeling of multiple fiber orientations at each voxel. Tractography then proceeds by drawing 5,000 streamlines through these probability distributions from each seed voxel to target 45 cortical and 15 subcortical regions based on the Harvard-Oxford atlas. For each target region, we extracted the number of samples reaching it from all seed voxels. Only pathways demonstrating a high number of streamlines to the target (mean samples >1,000) were considered for the statistical analyses. In addition, we used the same probabilistic tractography algorithm to reconstruct, in each participant, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum bundle based on seed and target region described by Wakana et al. (25). A mean streamline map was created for each pathway of interest and thresholded to 1,000 samples to create a mask. Mean samples, FA, MD, RD, and AD were computed within each mask for each participant.

Statistical Analysis

Cross-sectional analyses.

Voxel-wise group comparisons on FA and MD maps were tested in the framework of the general linear model using a randomization-based method (5,000 permutations). AD and RD were compared when differences in FA values were observed. Analyses were conducted in which FA and MD were included as the dependent variables, group (subthreshold depression or control) and sex as main factors, and sex-by-group interaction to explore a potential sex effect. If the interaction term was not statistically significant, only group was considered as main factor and sex was added as confounding factor. Age and DTI acquisition type (i.e., scanner manufacturer and/or software level to account for interscanner variance) were entered as confounding covariates. Statistical thresholds were set at a p value of 0.05, family-wise error corrected and threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected (26). The ICBM-DTI-81 white matter labels atlas (27) and the Johns Hopkins University tractography atlas (25) were used within FSLView to locate the tracts that displayed significant differences.
Group comparisons for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, global diffusion values, and regional tractography measures were performed within the framework of the general linear model using the R software package (http://cran.r-project.org). As in the voxel-based analyses, sex-by-group interactions were tested before considering group as main factor and sex as confounding factor. Age and site were entered as confounding covariates. AD and RD were compared when differences were observed in FA values.

Longitudinal analyses.

Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between subthreshold depression at age 14, entered as the predictor of interest, and depression at age 16, entered as the dependent variable. Age, sex, and site were entered as confounding covariates.
Causal mediation analyses were then conducted to determine whether FA and MD measures identified in the TBSS and tractography analyses could mediate the relation between subthreshold depression at age 14 and depression at age 16. They were performed with a validated algorithm using a set of general linear models to derive the mediation and direct effects from the total effect (28). Depression at age 16 was entered as dependent factor, and group (subthreshold depression or control) as independent factor within a logistic regression model. FA and MD values were entered as mediator variable. Age, sex, and DTI acquisition type were entered as confounding covariates. This mediation model was performed using 5,000 Monte Carlo draws for nonparametric bootstrap. In causal mediation analysis, a significant mediating effect is defined as a 95% confidence interval that does not include zero.
General linear models were used to examine the associations between the clinical characteristics that were associated with subthreshold depression at age 14 and a diagnosis of depression at age 16. We also examined the associations between these clinical characteristics and FA and MD measures that we identified in the TBSS and tractography analyses.

Post hoc analyses.

The specificity of the neuroimaging and clinical findings was investigated in the study sample (N=365), and the reproducibility and specificity of the findings were explored in a distinct sample of 686 healthy adolescents at baseline (see the Method section in the online supplement). For those analyses, the probabilities of having a diagnosis, measured with the DAWBA bands, were used as risk levels (see Tables S3 and S6 in the online supplement).
Finally, a machine-learning analysis was performed in the study sample, aimed at individually predicting depression diagnosis at age 16, based on FA values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex at age 14 (see the Method section in the online supplement).

Results

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

At baseline, compared with the control group, adolescents in the subthreshold depression group had significantly higher scores on dimensions of hopelessness, anxiety-sensitivity, impulsivity, and neuroticism, and lower scores on extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Table 1). They also had a higher level of negative life events and were more likely to have at least one nonwhite parent and to have more familial financial difficulties. No sex-by-group interaction was found.
At follow-up, the subthreshold depression group similarly differed from the control group except in anxiety-sensitivity (Table 1). In addition, participants in the subthreshold depression group reported significantly more self-harm since baseline and were more likely to have subthreshold or full depression and alcohol abuse.

DTI Whole Brain Analyses

The subthreshold depression group compared with the control group globally had lower FA values and higher RD values (Table 1). No sex-by-group interaction was found regarding DTI global measures.
Compared with the control group, the subthreshold depression group had lower FA and higher RD within the anterior body and genu of the corpus callosum, including the forceps minor and the anterior thalamic radiation (Table 2, Figure 1A).
TABLE 2. Neuroimaging Characteristics in Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression Compared With Control Subjects at Baselinea
 Subthreshold Depression Group (N=96)Control Group (N=336)Test
CharacteristicMeanSDMeanSDF (df=1, 425)p
DTI global measures
Global FA values (×10–1)4.470.174.500.203.960.047
Global MD values (×10–4)7.350.247.260.202.380.12
Global AD values (×10–3)1.130.341.120.290.280.60
Global RD values (×10–4)5.400.235.310.223.890.049
DTI measures within the cluster region identified in voxel-wise comparisonb
FA values (×10–1)6.230.386.390.3919.41<0.001
RD values (×10–4)5.380.245.200.2430.84<0.001
Tractography analysesc      
Tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex
 FA values (×10–1)4.510.314.600.3410.060.01
 MD values (×10–4)8.040.467.850.368.560.03
 AD values (×10–3)1.240.061.220.051.580.21
 RD values (×10–4)5.850.495.660.4210.930.001
Right cingulum bundle      
 FA values (×10–1)3.450.343.590.399.130.03
 MD values (×10–4)8.160.547.980.450.011
 AD values (×10–3)1.130.071.120.060.020.88
 RD values (×10–4)6.600.546.400.487.290.007
Left cingulum bundle      
 FA values (×10–1)3.710.393.800.415.170.24
 MD values (×10–4)8.240.548.080.452.391
Right uncinate bundle      
 FA values (×10–1)3.990.393.990.350.021
 MD values (×10–4)7.850.407.730.290.451
Left uncinate bundle      
 FA values (×10–1)4.010.493.990.480.421
 MD values (×10–4)8.010.477.880.290.121
a
AD=axial diffusivity; FA=fractional anisotropy; DTI=diffusion tensor imaging; MD=mean diffusivity; RD=radial diffusivity.
b
Cluster size (k), 234; peak voxel Montreal Neurological Institute coordinates at x=14 mm, y=30 mm, z=15 mm.
c
In the tractography analyses, p values are corrected for multiple comparisons.
FIGURE 1. Fractional Anisotropy and Diffusion Tractography Results for Adolescents With Subthreshold Depression and Healthy Comparison Subjectsa
a Panel A highlights regions with lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in 96 adolescents with subthreshold depression compared with 336 control subjects. Green indicates white matter skeleton. FA images are displayed using the “tbss_fill” script, which allows better visualization of the regions with significant between-group differences. Results are superimposed on the average T1-weighted MRI of the adolescent brains of the IMAGEN database. FWE=family-wise error corrected. Panel B presents probabilistic diffusion tractography from the anterior corpus callosum seed thresholded to 1,000 samples. The middle frontal gyrus (dark blue), frontal pole (light blue), superior frontal gyrus (green), paracingulate gyrus (pink), and anterior cingulate gyrus (brown) are from the Harvard-Oxford atlas. Results are superimposed on the average T1-weighted MRI of the adolescent brains of the IMAGEN database.

Tractography Analysis

Using the anterior corpus callosum cluster as a seed region for probabilistic tractography, we found a high number of cortical streamlines (mean samples >1,000) reaching the anterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann’s areas [BA] 24, 25, 32, and 33), middle frontal (BA 9, 10, and 46), frontal pole (BA 9, 10, 11, and 12), superior frontal (BA 4, 6, and 8), and paracingulate regions (BA 24 and 32, corresponding to the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex) (Figure 1B). There was no between-group difference in the number of samples to any of these target regions (see Table S1 in the online supplement).
After correction for multiple comparisons, lower FA and higher MD and RD were found in adolescents with subthreshold depression within tracts reconstructed between the anterior corpus callosum cluster and the anterior cingulate cortex (Table 2), which included the forceps minor, the cingulum, the anterior thalamic radiation, the superior longitudinal fasciculus, and the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus.
In the tractography analyses of the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus based on a priori hypotheses, the adolescents with subthreshold depression had a higher number of samples and lower FA in the right cingulum, and no difference in MD (Table 2). They also had higher RD in this region, and no difference in AD.
No sex-by-group interaction effects were found in any of the voxel-based or the tractography-based analyses.

Longitudinal Analyses

Subthreshold depression at age 14 was associated with an increased risk of a depression diagnosis at age 16 (odds ratio=3.96, 95% CI=1.27, 12.38).
Higher scores on neuroticism and hopelessness at age 14 were also associated with an increased risk of a depression diagnosis at age 16 (β=6.61, t=1.88, p<0.001, and β=3.43, t=0.78, p<0.001, respectively) but not with any DTI measure (see Table S2 in the online supplement).
Causal mediation analyses showed that lower FA values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex accounted for 21% (p=0.01) of the total variance in the relationship between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at age 16 (Table 3; Figure 2A,B). Although short of statistical significance, higher MD values also had a mediation effect (p=0.06) (Table 3).
TABLE 3. Causal Mediation Analysis of the Relationship Between Subthreshold Depression at Age 14 and Depression at Age 16 With Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD) Values in Tracts Spanning From the Anterior Corpus Callosum Cluster to the Anterior Cingulate as Mediator
Effect TypePoint Estimate95% CIp
Mediator variable: FA values   
Mediation effect (subthreshold depression at age 14–FA–depression at age 16)0.0180.004, 0.0440.01
Direct effect (subthreshold depression at age 14–depression at age 16)0.067–0.001, 0.1620.06
Total effect0.0850.016, 0.1840.01
Proportion of total effect via mediation0.2060.042, 0.902 
Mediator variable: MD values   
Mediation effect (subthreshold depression at age 14–MD–depression at age 16)0.0100.000,0.0270.06
Direct effect (subthreshold depression at age 14–depression at age 16)0.0730.008, 0.0160.02
Total effect0.0830.016, 0.1770.01
Proportion of total effect via mediation0.017–0.002, 0.512 
FIGURE 2. Mediation of the Relationship Between Subthreshold Depression at Age 14 and Depression at Age 16a
a Panel A illustrates the mediation of FA values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate on the relationship between subthreshold depression at age 14 and depression at age 16, using causal mediation analysis. Panel B is a three-dimensional representation (http://brainvisa.info) of mediation results projected onto a T1-weighted MRI scan of an adolescent brain from the IMAGEN database. Green indicates anterior cingulate cortex; blue indicates probabilistic diffusion tractography from the anterior corpus callosum white matter cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex; and red indicates the medial prefrontal cortex gray matter cluster, the lower volume of which was previously found (11) to mediate the relation between subthreshold depression at age 14 and depression at age 16. Panel C presents the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve illustrating individual prediction of depression diagnosis at age 16 from fractional anisotropy values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex at age 14 in a sample of 365 adolescents. The area under the curve (AUC) can vary between 0 and 1; an uninformative classifier would yield an AUC of 0.5.

Post Hoc Analyses

In the study sample, subthreshold depression at age 14 was associated with a higher risk for various DSM-IV disorders at age 16 (see the Results section in the online supplement). Lower FA values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex at age 14 predicted a higher risk at age 16 for depression but not for any other diagnosis, either in the study sample or in the distinct sample of 686 adolescents (see the Results section in the online supplement).
In contrast, in the study sample, higher scores on neuroticism and hopelessness at age 14 mediated the association between subthreshold depression at age 14 and risk for both depression and other diagnoses at age 16 (see the Results section and Tables S4 and S5 in the online supplement).
Finally, individual prediction of a depression diagnosis at age 16 using FA values in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex at age 14 resulted in an area under the curve of 0.75, with a p value <0.001 (Figure 2C), denoting the likelihood of FA values in those tracts in predicting the onset of depression for an individual adolescent.

Discussion

Regional variations in white matter microstructure were identified for the first time in 14-year-old community adolescents with subthreshold depression and no familial risk for depression. These differences involved the anterior body and genu of the corpus callosum. Tractography analyses revealed variations in the right cingulum and within fibers between the anterior corpus callosum and the anterior cingulate cortex. Lower FA values in those prefrontal tracts mediated transition to depression at age 16. Furthermore, in a larger sample of healthy adolescents, we found that lower FA in these fibers indicated risk for depression but not for other diagnoses.
Alterations in similar tracts have previously been reported in depressed adolescents and adults (14, 29) and in adolescents at familial risk (7).
The anterior part of the corpus callosum, frequently implicated in adolescent depression (24), connects to the anterior cingulate cortex, a core region of the pathophysiology of depression whose volume we previously reported to be smaller (11) and to mediate depression outcome 2 years later (Figure 2B).
Our tractography analysis also revealed white matter microstructural variations in the cingulum bundle in adolescents with subthreshold depression, consistent with our previous report that this group had smaller white matter volume than the control subjects in the right cingulum (11). The cingulum contains fibers connecting the cingulate, prefrontal cortices, and temporal limbic regions and is involved in functional connectivity of the default mode network (30).
In the present study, lower FA values were also observed in the right anterior thalamic radiation that runs in close proximity to the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle. Both tracts may be difficult to distinguish and are not differentiated in the atlas used in this study (25, 31). Converging both in the anterior limb of the internal capsule and in the prefrontal cortex (31), they may be differentially involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The anterior thalamic radiation would convey negative affective states, such as sadness, whereas the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle would be involved in reward seeking and appetitive motivation (31), as it connects core regions of the reward system. Also, lower FA in this tract has been associated with higher anhedonia (32). In previous studies in almost the same group of 14-year-olds with subthreshold depression, we consistently found functional striatal deficits during reward anticipation (12) and smaller gray matter volumes in the caudates (11). Our findings also indicate that FA measures at age 14 in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum cluster to the anterior cingulate cortex hold a significant individual predictive value for later depression, with a fair accuracy. Altogether, these complementary findings suggest that a particular developmental pathophysiology involving these white matter tracts and adjacent gray matter regions may account for the vulnerability to developing depression.
White matter changes have also been associated with other psychiatric disorders in adolescents, notably generalized anxiety disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (33, 34). In the present study, subthreshold depression at age 14 was also associated with risk for such disorders at follow-up, in line with the literature (35), and higher neuroticism and hopelessness scores at age 14 were found to mediate the association between subthreshold depression at age 14 and risk for both depression and other diagnoses at age 16. However, lower FA values did not predict higher risk for any diagnosis other than depression at follow-up, either in the study sample or in the distinct sample of 686 adolescents who were healthy at baseline. Thus, our imaging findings appear to be specific to increased risk for depression.
In line with the literature, the participants with subthreshold depression in this study had higher scores on neuroticism, hopelessness, and negative life events. It has been suggested that such characteristics may alter sensitivity to stressful events and increase the risk of depression (36). In the adolescent brain, these factors may interact with hormonal and maturational changes. Indeed, adolescence is a critical period for white matter maturation, as white matter volumes and FA values show a clear increase throughout adolescence, particularly in some tracts involved in emotion regulation (37, 38). Thus, in the present study, lower FA may indicate white matter microstructure alteration as well as delayed white matter maturation.
The study has several limitations. The first of these is inherent to DTI, which is currently the only method capable of mapping the fiber architecture of tissue in vivo (39) but whose results must be interpreted with caution, as it does not allow the uncovering of the mechanisms underlying variations in diffusion tensor measures. Second, because of the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria and given the cultural differences, the proportions of subthreshold depression and control adolescents differed between sites. For instance, fewer adolescents were eligible as control subjects in London. Even though we controlled for DTI acquisition type in the analyses, the between-scanner variability in our measurements may have underpowered the detection of the effects of interest and must be considered a limitation of our study. Third, as discussed elsewhere (11), the self-administered symptom rating could have biased the diagnostic ratings. However, the rate of IMAGEN participants with subthreshold depression and the rate of participants who transitioned to depression are consistent with rates reported in the literature. Finally, DTI was not repeated at age 16, at which time only psychometric data were available.
In summary, variations in DTI measures in brain regions involved in emotion regulation were detected in 14-year-old community adolescents with subthreshold depression and no familial risk. The results suggest that these adolescents may have delayed white matter maturation or early alterations in tracts spanning from the anterior corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex, which in turn may denote high risk for transition to depression.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Pascal Zille (research engineer, INSERM, Paris), and Sonia Martinot (student, Centrale-Supélec Engineering School, Gif-sur-Yvette, France) for their contribution to machine-learning analyses.

Footnotes

Authors 15–37 are listed in alphabetical order.
Other IMAGEN Consortium collaborators (www.imagen-europe.com) are listed in the online supplement.

Supplementary Material

File (appi.ajp.2018.17070825.ds001.pdf)

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Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
Go to American Journal of Psychiatry
American Journal of Psychiatry
Pages: 1255 - 1264
PubMed: 30111185

History

Received: 26 July 2017
Revision received: 14 April 2018
Accepted: 21 May 2018
Published online: 16 August 2018
Published in print: December 01, 2018

Keywords

  1. Adolescents
  2. Brain Imaging Techniques
  3. Outcome Studies
  4. Mood Disorders-Unipolar
  5. Neuroanatomy

Authors

Details

Hélène Vulser, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot, M.D., Ph.D. [email protected]
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Eric Artiges, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Ruben Miranda, M.Psych.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Jani Penttilä, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Yvonne Grimmer, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Betteke M. van Noort, M.S.C.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Argyris Stringaris, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Maren Struve, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Tahmine Fadai, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Viola Kappel, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Robert Goodman, Ph.D., F.R.C.Psych.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Eleni Tzavara, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Charbel Massaad, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Tobias Banaschewski, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Gareth J. Barker, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Arun L.W. Bokde, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Uli Bromberg, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Rüdiger Brühl, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Christian Büchel, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Anna Cattrell, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Patricia Conrod, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Sylvane Desrivières, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Herta Flor, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Vincent Frouin, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Juergen Gallinat, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Hugh Garavan, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Penny Gowland, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Andreas Heinz, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Frauke Nees, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Dimitri Papadopoulos-Orfanos, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Tomas Paus, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Luise Poustka, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Sarah Rodehacke, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Michael N. Smolka, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Henrik Walter, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Robert Whelan, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Gunter Schumann, M.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Jean-Luc Martinot, M.D., Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
Hervé Lemaitre, Ph.D.
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.
for the IMAGEN Consortium
From INSERM, Research Unit UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry,” Paris; University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; University Paris Descartes, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Psychiatry, Western Paris University Hospital group, Paris; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris the Center for Neuroimaging Research, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry, Orsay Hospital, Orsay, France; the Department of Social and Health Care, Psychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic, Lahti, Finland; the Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy and the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, the Medical Research Council–Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, and the Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London; the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; Neuroscience Paris Seine-IBPS (CNRS UMR8246/Inserm U1130/UMPC UMCR18); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Research Unit UMR 8194, Paris; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neurosciences, Trinity College, Dublin; Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, CHU Sainte-Justine Hospital, Montreal; Neurospin, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA–Saclay Center, Paris; the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg; the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington; Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, U.K.; the Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; the Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; the Department of Psychology, University College, Dublin.

Notes

Address correspondence to Dr. Paillère Martinot ([email protected]).
Presented in part at the 72nd Annual Scientific Convention of the Society of Biological Psychiatry, San Diego, May 17–20, 2017, and at the 17th International ESCAP (European Society for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) Congress, Geneva, July 9–11, 2017.

Funding Information

Paris-Sud-University: IDEX-2012
FP7 Health10.13039/100011272: EU-AIMS (115300-2)
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung: 01EV0711, 01GS08152, Forschungsnetz AERIAL, eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A
Medical Research Council Programme: 93558
Sixth Framework Programme10.13039/100011103: LSHM-CT-2007-037286
French funding agency ANR: AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA, ANR-12-SAMA-0004
Supported in part by the European Union–funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (LSHM-CT- 2007-037286), the FP7 project IMAGEMEND and the Innovative Medicine Initiative Project EU-AIMS (115300-2), a Medical Research Council Programme Grant (93558), the Swedish funding agency FORMAS, the Wellcome Trust (University of Cambridge), the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the U.K. Department of Health, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152, 01EV0711, eMED SysAlc01ZX1311A, Forschungsnetz AERIAL), the French funding agency ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004), an Eranet-Neuron grant (project AF12-NEUR0008-01-WM2NA), the Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, Paris-Descartes University (collaborative project 2010), Paris-Sud University (IDEX-2012), the University of Strasbourg (UNISTRA), France, the Fondation de France, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Fondation pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau, and the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte contre les Drogues et les Conduites Addictives (MILDECA).

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