Site maintenance Wednesday, November 13th, 2024. Please note that access to some content and account information will be unavailable on this date.
Skip to main content

Abstract

Telehealth and telemedicine have encountered explosive growth since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in increased access to care for patients located far from medical centers and clinics. Subspecialty clinicians in behavioral neurology & neuropsychiatry (BNNP) have implemented the use of telemedicine platforms to perform cognitive examinations that were previously office based. In this perspective article, BNNP clinicians at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) describe their experience performing cognitive examinations via telemedicine. The article reviews the goals, prerequisites, advantages, and potential limitations of performing a video- or telephone-based telemedicine cognitive examination. The article shares the approaches used by MGH BNNP clinicians to examine cognitive and behavioral areas, such as orientation, attention and executive functions, language, verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, visuospatial function, praxis, and abstract abilities, as well as to survey for neuropsychiatric symptoms and assess activities of daily living. Limitations of telemedicine-based cognitive examinations include limited access to and familiarity with telecommunication technologies on the patient side, limitations of the technology itself on the clinician side, and the limited psychometric validation of virtual assessments. Therefore, an in-person examination with a BNNP clinician or a formal in-person neuropsychological examination with a neuropsychologist may be recommended. Overall, this article emphasizes the use of standardized cognitive and behavioral assessment instruments that are either in the public domain or, if copyrighted, are nonproprietary and do not require a fee to be used by the practicing BNNP clinician.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Go to The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
Pages: 87 - 100
PubMed: 38111331

History

Received: 18 August 2022
Revision received: 30 May 2023
Revision received: 9 September 2023
Accepted: 10 September 2023
Published online: 19 December 2023
Published in print: Spring 2024

Keywords

  1. Cognitive Disorders
  2. Cognitive Examination
  3. COVID-19
  4. Neuropsychiatric Assessment
  5. Neuropsychology
  6. Telehealth
  7. Telemedicine

Authors

Details

Kaloyan S. Tanev, M.D., M.P.H. [email protected]
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Joan A. Camprodon, M.D., Ph.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
David N. Caplan, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Bradford C. Dickerson, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Zeina Chemali, M.D., M.P.H.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Mark C. Eldaief, M.D., M.M.Sc.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
David Dongkyung Kim, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Sylvia E. Josephy-Hernandez, M.D., M.Sc.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Michael D. Kritzer, M.D., Ph.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Lauren R. Moo, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Amy Newhouse, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
David L. Perez, M.D., M.M.Sc.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Liliana A. Ramirez Gomez, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Mahdi Razafsha, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Ana Maria Rivas-Grajales, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Jeremiah M. Scharf, M.D., Ph.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Jeremy D. Schmahmann, M.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).
Janet C. Sherman, Ph.D.
Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Tanev, Camprodon, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Kritzer, Newhouse, Perez, Razafsha, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Sherman); Division of Cognitive Behavioral Neurology (Camprodon, Caplan, Dickerson, Chemali, Eldaief, Josephy-Hernandez, Moo, Perez, Ramirez Gomez, Rivas-Grajales, Scharf, Schmahmann, Sherman) and Division of Movement Disorders (Scharf), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Adult Neurodevelopmental and Geriatric Psychiatry Division, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto (Kim); Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Newhouse); Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston (Rivas-Grajales); Psychology Assessment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (Sherman).

Notes

Send correspondence to Dr. Tanev ([email protected]).
Previously presented in part at the 32nd Annual Meeting of the American Neuropsychiatric Association (held virtually), March 16–19, 2022.

Competing Interests

Dr. Camprodon has served on the scientific advisory boards for Hyka and Flow Neuroscience, and she has served as a consultant for Mifu Technologies and Neuroelectrics. Dr. Newhouse has served as a consultant for Musculo. Dr. Perez has received honoraria for continuing medical education lectures; he has received royalties from Springer Nature; he serves on the editorial boards of Brain and Behavior, Epilepsy & Behavior, and The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences; and he has received funding from NIH and the Sidney R. Baer Jr. Foundation. Dr. Razafsha is a shareholder with Masimo Corporation. Dr. Schmahmann is site principal investigator for Biohaven (NCT03701399, NCT02960893, and NCT03952806); he has received royalties from Elsevier, MacKeith Press, Oxford University Press, and Springer; and he holds a license with the General Hospital Corporation for the Brief Ataxia Rating Scale, the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann syndrome scale, the Cerebellar Neuropsychiatry Rating Scale, and the Patient-Reported Outcome Measure of Ataxia. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.

Funding Information

Supported by the Sidney R. Baer Jr. Foundation (fellowship to Dr. Josephy-Hernandez), NIMH (grant T32MH112485 to Dr. Kritzer), Harvard Medical School Dupont-Warren Fellowship (to Dr. Kritzer), and the U.S. Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development (research grants to Dr. Moo).

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Format
Citation style
Style
Copy to clipboard

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Already a subscriber? Access your subscription through your login credentials or your institution for full access to this article.

Personal login Institutional Login Open Athens login
Purchase Options

Purchase this article to access the full text.

PPV Articles - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

PPV Articles - Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

Not a subscriber?

Subscribe Now / Learn More

PsychiatryOnline subscription options offer access to the DSM-5-TR® library, books, journals, CME, and patient resources. This all-in-one virtual library provides psychiatrists and mental health professionals with key resources for diagnosis, treatment, research, and professional development.

Need more help? PsychiatryOnline Customer Service may be reached by emailing [email protected] or by calling 800-368-5777 (in the U.S.) or 703-907-7322 (outside the U.S.).

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/EPUB

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share article link

Share