Lower Ventral Striatal Activation During Reward Anticipation in Adolescent Smokers
Abstract
Objective:
Method:
Results:
Conclusions:
Method
Characteristics of the Multisite Study
Participants
Personality and Neuropsychological Measures
Delay Discounting
Modified Monetary Incentive Delay Task
Analysis of Behavioral Data
fMRI Data Acquisition
fMRI Preprocessing and Analysis
Results
Personality and Demographic Characteristics
Characteristic | Comparison Group (N=43) | Smokers (N=43) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | N | ||||
Sex | |||||
Male | 24 | 24 | |||
Female | 19 | 19 | |||
European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs (18) | |||||
Number of lifetime occasions of smoking | |||||
None (score=0) | 43 | 0 | |||
1 or 2 (score=1) | 0 | 2 | |||
3–5 (score=2) | 0 | 5 | |||
6–9 (score=3) | 0 | 7 | |||
10–19 (score=4) | 0 | 4 | |||
20–39 (score=5) | 0 | 4 | |||
40 or more (score=6) | 0 | 21 | |||
Smoking frequency in preceding 30 days | |||||
None (score=0) | 43 | 0 | |||
Less than 1 cigarette per week (score=1) | 0 | 17 | |||
Less than 1 cigarette per day (score=2) | 0 | 10 | |||
1–5 cigarettes per day (score=3) | 0 | 9 | |||
6–10 cigarettes per day (score=4) | 0 | 4 | |||
11–20 cigarettes per day (score=5) | 0 | 2 | |||
More than 20 cigarettes per day (score=6) | 0 | 1 | |||
Number of lifetime occasions of cannabis use | |||||
Never (score=0) | 42 | 29 | |||
1–2 (score=1) | 1 | 4 | |||
3–5 (score=2) | 0 | 4 | |||
6–9 (score=3) | 0 | 2 | |||
10–19 (score=4) | 0 | 1 | |||
20–39 (score=5) | 0 | 1 | |||
40 or more (score=6) | 0 | 2 | |||
Cannabis use frequency in preceding 30 days | |||||
None (score=0) | 42 | 30 | |||
1 or 2 (score=1) | 1 | 6 | |||
3–5 (score=2) | 0 | 2 | |||
6–9 (score=3) | 0 | 3 | |||
10–19 (score=4) | 0 | 0 | |||
20–39 (score=5) | 0 | 1 | |||
40 or more (score=6) | 0 | 1 | |||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Score for lifetime smoking | — | 4.53 | 1.70 | ||
Score for smoking in preceding 30 days | — | 2.23 | 1.32 | ||
Age at first cigarette (years) | 12.67 | 0.99 | |||
Age at beginning of daily smoking (years) | 13.35 | 0.74 | |||
Age at first cannabis use (years) | 15a | 13.43 | 0.94 | ||
Score on Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence | 2.12b | — |
Characteristic | Comparison Subjects (N=43) | Smokers (N=43) | Difference Between Groups | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | pa | |
Temperament and Character Inventory (15) scores | |||||
Novelty seeking (total) | 108.6 | 12.04 | 121.98 | 10.16 | <0.000001b |
Subscales | |||||
Exploratory excitability | 33.20 | 4.02 | 34.28 | 4.06 | 0.22 |
Impulsivity | 26.09 | 4.23 | 30.00 | 4.10 | <0.00001b |
Extravagance | 27.34 | 5.47 | 33.02 | 4.67 | <0.00001b |
Disorderliness | 21.98 | 4.26 | 24.67 | 3.20 | 0.002b |
Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (16) scores | |||||
Anxiety sensitivity | 11.28 | 2.32 | 11.02 | 1.90 | 0.58 |
Negative thinking | 13.42 | 2.50 | 14.56 | 2.63 | 0.05 |
Impulsivity | 11.68 | 2.46 | 13.10 | 1.80 | 0.004b |
Sensation seeking | 13.58 | 3.00 | 13.72 | 2.75 | 0.82 |
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (17) total score | 1.34 | 2.34 | 6.00 | 3.98 | <0.00001b |
Delay discount rate (21) (log transformed) | –2.07 | 0.69 | –1.74 | 0.44 | 0.02b |
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) (20) | |||||
IQ estimate (average of subscale scores) | 40.01 | 7.97 | 37.88 | 7.78 | 0.42 |
Subscale scores | |||||
Similarities | 31.05 | 7.15 | 29.19 | 7.18 | 0.23 |
Vocabulary | 51.28 | 11.25 | 49.37 | 10.96 | 0.43 |
Block design | 50.47 | 13.28 | 57.37 | 12.01 | 0.26 |
Matrix reasoning | 27.26 | 5.48 | 25.60 | 5.48 | 0.17 |
N | N | ||||
Development and Well-Being Assessment (14) estimated probability of any psychiatric disorder | |||||
None | 6 | 10 | |||
∼0.2% | 35 | 21 | |||
∼2% | 0 | 4 | |||
∼20% | 2 | 8 | |||
∼75% | 0 | 0 |
Behavioral Data
Comparison Subjects (N=43)b | Smokers (N=43)b | Two-Sample t Test, Two-Tailed (p) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Performance Variable | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Percentage of hits | |||||
Large reward | 70.09 | 9.04 | 67.86 | 7.84 | 0.10 |
Small reward | 69.56 | 9.01 | 68.39 | 9.56 | 0.57 |
No reward | 52.22 | 13.32 | 50.95 | 16.04 | 0.70 |
Reaction time (msec) | |||||
Hits | |||||
Large reward | 226.3 | 25.0 | 241.1 | 24.7 | 0.02 |
Small reward | 228.8 | 25.9 | 243.4 | 24.1 | 0.01 |
No reward | 234.7 | 29.5 | 247.7 | 24.0 | 0.04 |
Misses | |||||
Large reward | 283.0 | 69.1 | 318.1 | 71.8 | 0.04 |
Small reward | 296.9 | 74.0 | 319.6 | 65.1 | 0.17 |
No reward | 327.6 | 78.3 | 350.3 | 54.0 | 0.16 |
fMRI Data
Brain-Behavior Correlations
Discussion
Footnote
Supplementary Material
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