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Military personnel deployed in a theater of war are typically exposed to a host of physical and psychological stressors. Physical trauma, such as losing a limb in a blast, has an obvious impact on health and postwar functioning. In recent decades it has become apparent that psychological trauma, such as witnessing a buddy being hit by a bullet, can also have a profound and lasting impact on both mental and physical health (Green and Kimerling 2004; Schnurr and Green 2004). More than 90% of service members and veterans are exposed to traumatic events either in the military or at some other point in their lives (Dedert et al. 2009), and approximately 14% develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Ramchand et al. 2010). (See Chapter 6, “Combat Stress Reactions and Psychiatric Disorders After Deployment,” for more information about PTSD in military service members and veterans.)
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